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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

All knowledge elements deal with explicit, implicit and tacit knowledge.... The third type of knowledge, namely tacit knowledge, is the most difficult [to] transfer. Tacit knowledge contains experience based knowledge... [It] cannot completely be explained, since it is wholly embodied in the individual, rooted in practice and experience for which cognitive schemata are required...  1, record 1, English, - tacit%20knowledge

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] les connaissances tacites sont des connaissances personnelles liées à la pratique, à l'expérience ainsi qu'aux compétences maîtrisées par un individu particulier. Ces connaissances ont un caractère intangible et abstrait [...] Ce type de connaissances est donc difficile à partager au regard de leur manque de structuration externalisée [...]  1, record 1, French, - connaissance%20tacite

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Unconscious knowledge is knowledge we have, and could very well be using, but we are not aware of.  4, record 2, English, - unconscious%20knowledge

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Unconscious knowledge encompasses tacit knowledge and implicit knowledge.  5, record 2, English, - unconscious%20knowledge

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'analyse de la perception du langage montre qu'un seul et même énoncé est perçu différemment par différents destinataires, car lors de la compréhension ils utilisent non seulement leurs connaissances conscientes, mais aussi des connaissances inconscientes.  1, record 2, French, - connaissance%20inconsciente

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La connaissance inconsciente englobe la connaissance tacite et la connaissance implicite.  2, record 2, French, - connaissance%20inconsciente

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

All knowledge elements deal with explicit, implicit and tacit knowledge.... implicit knowledge is difficult to reveal, but it is still possible to capture. Usually the knowledge bearer cannot recall this knowledge by himself, because the information is too obvious to him.... This kind of knowledge can only be detected by observing or asking in more detail.  2, record 3, English, - implicit%20knowledge

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La connaissance implicite est une connaissance potentiellement explicitable.  3, record 3, French, - connaissance%20implicite

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

El conocimiento implícito es aquel conocimiento de base que se encuentra contextualizado en la forma de trabajar en el día a día y al que no se hace referencia explícita (no está formalizado) pero cuya existencia se evidencia a través de los resultados.  1, record 3, Spanish, - conocimiento%20impl%C3%ADcito

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The acquisition of knowledge about the underlying structure of a complex stimulus environment by a process which takes place naturally, simply and without conscious operations.  2, record 4, English, - implicit%20learning

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Implicit learning is slow and accumulates through repetition over many trials... Implicit learning is expressed primarily by improved performance on certain tasks without the subject being able to describe just what has been learned, and it involves memory systems that do not draw on the contents of the general knowledge of the individual.  3, record 4, English, - implicit%20learning

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'apprentissage implicite est lent et résulte de la répétition de nombreux essais [...] Il améliore la réalisation de tâches répétées, sans que le sujet soit généralement capable de décrire précisément ce qu'il a appris, et met en œuvre des systèmes de mémoire qui n'utilisent pas les connaissances de l'individu.  2, record 4, French, - apprentissage%20implicite

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

El autor analiza los diferentes tipos de aprendizaje inconsciente, en cuyo caso las personas no sólo ignoran qué han aprendido, sino que muchas veces ni siquiera saben que han aprendido.  1, record 4, Spanish, - aprendizaje%20impl%C3%ADcito

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Associative knowledge is implicit, and can be described as statistical association among units of actions and problem-solving contexts.... When the students work in familiar contexts, a fast, efficient associative knowledge base often produces satisfactory performance.  2, record 5, English, - associative%20knowledge

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les savoirs associatifs. Les associations de solidarité sont pleinement impliquées dans le développement de l'observation sociale. Elles sont nombreuses à être associées aux initiatives publiques; certaines ont développé leurs propres moyens d'observation. Mais des progrès sont nécessaires pour que ces savoirs «sensibles» contribuent de manière plus décisive à l'amélioration de la connaissance.  3, record 5, French, - savoir%20associatif

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Los sistemas basados en conocimiento son excelentes para representar conocimiento asociativo. Este tipo de experiencia refleja la habilidad heurística o el conocimiento que es adquirido mayoritariamente, a través de la observación.  3, record 5, Spanish, - conocimiento%20asociativo

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Brown et al.(1982) reflect on the use of quantitative simulation for making inferences and see it as a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the simulation provides a lot of leverage to the inference process, because large amounts of knowledge are encoded in the model and brought to bear via the simulation. On the other hand, this embedded knowledge is often based on implicit assumptions and empirical decisions on the part of the model' s designers, which may be very subtle. For instance, the formulas used to run the simulation may only be valid for certain classes of inputs. If these assumptions are not made "explicit and checkable", they can easily be violated when the simulation involves faults. For teaching purposes, the main drawback of quantitative simulation is its inability to give a full account of the causality underlying its inferences. Causality is pedagogically important because it is the main ingredient of the kinds of explanations human students can understand. In a troubleshooting context, causality, more than information content, drives the diagnostic reasoning and the decision to perform measurements.  1, record 6, English, - quantitative%20simulation

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir simulateur quantitatif. Comparer à simulation qualitative.  1, record 6, French, - simulation%20quantitative

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ervin-Tripp uses the term socio-linguistic competence in order "to exclude the many forms of skill in non linguistic communication". There are also other uses such as Hugh Mehan’s "interactional competence;" ... but they all recognize the basic notions of the referential and social functions inherent in Hymes’ communicative competence.  1, record 7, English, - communicative%20competence

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 CONT

This notion is intended... to include not only grammatical competence(or implicit and explicit knowledge of the rules of grammar) but also contextual or sociolinguistic competence(knowledge of the rules of language use).  1, record 7, English, - communicative%20competence

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cette aptitude de l'individu à choisir le sous-code ou variété de langue, approprié à la situation et aux fonctions du langage, repose sur des conventions sociales et linguistiques dont la somme constitue la compétence de communication.  1, record 7, French, - comp%C3%A9tence%20de%20communication

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 CONT

La compétence de communication consiste non seulement dans la maîtrise orale de situations communicatives, mais aussi dans la flexibilité de chacun vis-à-vis de multiples exigences de compréhension et de communication.  1, record 7, French, - comp%C3%A9tence%20de%20communication

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish