TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A herd in which no outside breeding stock ... are introduced.  3, record 1, English, - closed%20herd

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

However, because it is a closed herd, [there might be] a considerable increase of inbreeding, which in turn can lead to adverse effects on productive or reproductive characteristics and suitability of the animals...  2, record 1, English, - closed%20herd

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Tous les veaux mâles ne sont pas vendus pour la reproduction. Quelques-uns sont gardés pour l'utilisation à la ferme. Les autres sont castrés et vendus pour la viande. [L'exploitant] n'a pas acheté de femelles depuis 2002. C'est ce qu'on appelle un troupeau fermé.  3, record 1, French, - troupeau%20ferm%C3%A9

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Wheat breeding is both the science and art of genetically improving wheat by creating genetic variation, inbreeding to create variants, selection of superior variants, and evaluating the selections under natural conditions.  2, record 2, English, - wheat%20breeding

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Where broodstock are being removed from a rearing programme, natural populations must be large and remain so after broodstock removal(to avoid inbreeding in native populations).  1, record 3, English, - broodstock%20removal

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Heterozygous species are typically outbreeders and tend to be perennials. They have mating systems that promote outcrossing and inhibit self-fertilisation and inbreeding.  1, record 4, English, - heterozygous%20species

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A decreased vigor in terms of growth, survival, or fertility following one or more generations of inbreeding.  2, record 5, English, - inbreeding%20depression

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Généralement, quand on parle de consanguinité, on cible sa principale conséquence négative, désignée comme étant la dépression de consanguinité.  3, record 5, French, - d%C3%A9pression%20de%20consanguinit%C3%A9

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... the mating of animals more closely related than the average of the population from which they came.  4, record 6, English, - inbreeding

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Because most breeds had a relatively small number of foundation animals, the unavoidable inbreeding and linebreeding during the formative state resulted in a certain amount of homozygosity.  4, record 6, English, - inbreeding

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'élevage en consanguinité, c'est-à-dire par accouplement de sujets consanguins, a principalement deux effets : - le premier est une augmentation de l'homozygotie, qui conduit à la production d'animaux plus uniformes dans leur phénotype [...] - le second est un effet dépressif, qui se traduit par une baisse de vigueur et qui diminue les caractères de reproduction [...]  4, record 6, French, - %C3%A9levage%20en%20consanguinit%C3%A9

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cruzamiento de miembros de una misma familia.  5, record 6, Spanish, - cr%C3%ADa%20endog%C3%A1mica

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Las consecuencias negativas de la cría endogámica son notables. [...] A causa de este método, los animales sufren más defectos genéticos y enfermedades, el efecto directo de endogamia. La cría endogámica se usa para mantener o intensificar ciertas características, las denominadas características raciales.  5, record 6, Spanish, - cr%C3%ADa%20endog%C3%A1mica

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Special form of inbreeding to maintain a high genetic relationship to a desirable ancestor.  3, record 7, English, - line%20breeding

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In general, closebreeding has been frowned upon by stockmen; but linebreeding (the less intensive form) has been looked upon with favor in many quarters. In a linebreeding program, the degree of relationship is not closer than half-brother and half-sister or matings more distantly related: cousin matings, grandparent to grand offspring, etc. Linebreeding is usually practiced in order to conserve and perpetuate the good traits of a certain outstanding sire or dam.  2, record 7, English, - line%20breeding

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

En zootechnie, méthode qui consiste à retenir comme reproducteurs dans une famille (c'est-à-dire, en général, dans un groupe formé de frères et de sœurs ou de demi-frères et de demi-sœurs) tous les animaux qui ont les meilleures performances moyennes.  2, record 7, French, - s%C3%A9lection%20familiale

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Close breeding of horses.  2, record 8, English, - close%20breeding

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

While "close breeding" is sometimes used as a synonym for "inbreeding", it can also be used in a broader sense.  2, record 8, English, - close%20breeding

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 2 OBS

close breeding: term extracted from the “Glossaire de l’agriculture” and reproduced with permission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.  3, record 8, English, - close%20breeding

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Croisement rapproché de chevaux.  1, record 8, French, - croisement%20rapproch%C3%A9

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Familiarity and inbreeding avoidance in the gray-tailed vole(Microtus canicaudus).  3, record 9, English, - gray%2Dtailed%20vole

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Campagnol. Petit rongeur terrestre ou nageur, à corps trapu, à museau arrondi, à queue courte, cylindrique et velue, à oreilles cachées dans la fourrure, généralement très nuisible à l'agriculture. (Famille des cricétidés, tribu des microtinés).  1, record 9, French, - campagnol%20%28Microtus%20canicaudus%29

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

general term for a body of doctrines originated by the Soviet agronomist T. D. Lysenko.... Lysenkoism denied the existence of genes, the existence of plant hormones, the specialized role of chromosomes, and the benefits of inbreeding as the first step in the production of hybrid plants.  1, record 10, English, - Lysenkoism

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le lyssenkisme devient une donnée dont doivent s'accommoder les théoriciens.  2, record 10, French, - lyssenkisme

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[Lyssenko et les mitchouriniens] niaient donc l'existence du gène [...] l'apparition au hasard de mutations spontanées [et] la notion de concurrence entre membres d'une même espèce [...]  2, record 10, French, - lyssenkisme

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The application of genetic principles to the improvement of cultivated plants ...  2, record 11, English, - plant%20breeding

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The aim ... is to produce new and improved types of farm crops or decorative plants to better preserve the need of the farmer ...  2, record 11, English, - plant%20breeding

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The improvement of plants by selection, inbreeding, hybridization and other scientific methods.  3, record 11, English, - plant%20breeding

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 3 OBS

plant breeding: term used at the Canadian Grain Commission.  4, record 11, English, - plant%20breeding

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ensemble de techniques ayant pour but d'obtenir des végétaux génétiquement mieux adaptés à un ou plusieurs objectifs utilitaires précis.  5, record 11, French, - am%C3%A9lioration%20des%20plantes

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

sélection des végétaux : terme en usage à la Commission canadienne des grains.  6, record 11, French, - am%C3%A9lioration%20des%20plantes

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Ciencia que se encarga de] aplicar los principios genéticos y estadísticos básicos al manejo de poblaciones de plantas con el fin de adecuar algunos de sus parámetros a las necesidades sociales y económicas del medio al cual pertenecen.  1, record 11, Spanish, - mejora%20vegetal

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Création de nouvelles lignées pures soit par autofécondation (successive) soit par haplodiploidisation (brutale).  2, record 12, French, - croisement%20consanguin

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Apareamiento entre individuos que tienen uno o más antepasados en común.  1, record 12, Spanish, - endogamia

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

El caso más extremo es la autofecundación que se da de manera natural en muchas plantas [...]  1, record 12, Spanish, - endogamia

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The inbreeding coefficient will depart from 0 in several circumstances, namely :(1) if the population is small so that there is a likelihood of mating between relatives;(2) if there is assortative mating between like phenotypes;(3) if there is any tendency to assortative mating between relatives(e. g sib-crossing or, at the extreme, self-pollination). All three are relevant to plant breeding.  1, record 13, English, - assortative%20mating

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le coefficient d'autofécondation s'éloignera de 0 dans plusieurs circonstances: 1) la population est si petite qu'il existe une probabilité de croisements entre parents; 2) il existe des croisements préférentiels entre des phénotypes semblables; 3) il existe des préférences d'appariement entre certains parents (p. ex. croisements entre frères ou, à la limite, l'autofécondation). Ces trois cas s'appliquent à l'amélioration des plantes.  1, record 13, French, - croisement%20pr%C3%A9f%C3%A9rentiel

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A major cause of species loss today is the fragmentation of previously continuous habitat over large regions. Many species simply cannot breed successfully in fragmented ecosystems for a variety of reasons(predation, inbreeding, interference with daily/seasonal movements, lack of pollinators, etc).  2, record 14, English, - species%20loss

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

De nos jours, un des principaux facteurs qui contribuent à la disparition des espèces est la fragmentation des habitats qui s'étendaient autrefois de façon ininterrompue sur de vastes territoires. De nombreuses espèces ne parviennent tout simplement plus, pour diverses raisons (prédation, consanguinité, déplacements journaliers ou saisonniers entravés, absence de pollinisateurs, etc.), à se reproduire dans ces écosystèmes morcelés.  2, record 14, French, - disparition%20d%27une%20esp%C3%A8ce

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Selfing : In plant breeding, pollination of a stigma from the anthers of the same flower, also called inbreeding.  2, record 15, English, - bud%20selfing

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Reference: A Dictionary of Agriculture and Allied Terminology.  2, record 15, English, - bud%20selfing

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A mathematical adjustment of the number of individuals in a population based on the distribution of reproductive success.  1, record 16, English, - effective%20population%20size

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Effective population size is used to calculate, the effect of genetic drift or rate of inbreeding, etc.  1, record 16, English, - effective%20population%20size

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

effective population size: term used by Environment Canada.  2, record 16, English, - effective%20population%20size

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Ensemble d']individus aptes à la reproduction à l'exclusion des individus dont la reproduction est empêchée dans la nature pour des raisons d'environnement et de comportement, ou autres.  2, record 16, French, - taille%20effective%20de%20la%20population

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

taille effective de la population : terme en usage à Environnement Canada.  3, record 16, French, - taille%20effective%20de%20la%20population

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Conservation genetics is a mixture of ecology, molecular biology, population genetics, mathematical modeling and evolutionary systematics (the construction of family relationships). It is both a basic and an applied science. Scientists must first understand the genetic relationships of the organisms under study. ... management techniques must then be applied by wildlife managers to preserve biological diversity in these species. ... Information about the genetic diversity of the [plants and] animals under study helps scientists and managers in forming strategies to preserve and protect the diversity of plants and animals worldwide.  2, record 17, English, - conservation%20genetics

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Conservation genetics [is] concerned with the population genetics principles involved in the maintenance of feral species. The maintenance of the populations depends on inbreeding, outbreeding, effective population size, deleterious mutation, reproductive success, adaptation to captivity, reintroduction, vagility, outbreeding depression, extinction, etc.  3, record 17, English, - conservation%20genetics

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] un but important de la génétique de la conservation est l'identification des gènes ou des régions de génome responsables des traits phénotypiques qui peuvent augmenter l'adaptation locale ou les traits qui peuvent faciliter l'adaptation au futur changement climatique. Cette connaissance peut alors être utilisée pour concevoir des stratégies de conservation donnant priorité à la conservation des populations qui ont une fréquence élevée de ces gènes ou d'une combinaison de ces gènes.  2, record 17, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique%20de%20la%20conservation

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[inbred strain] A strain of experimental animals produced by successive brother-sister matings. The genetic identity is a reflexion of the degree of inbreeding of the members of the strains. After the 20th or more generation, the animals are so inbred that grafts can be exchanged without rejection.  2, record 19, English, - pure%20strain

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Population de microorganismes ne provenant que d'une seule lignée.  2, record 19, French, - souche%20pure

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Syngénique : qualifie tous les individus génétiquement identiques (par exemple jumeaux monozygotes) et chez l'animal les individus qui, par croisements consanguins successifs, forment des souches pures (en anglais «inbred strains») dont le patrimoine génétique est pratiquement semblable et qui ne rejettent plus les greffes réalisées entre eux.  1, record 19, French, - souche%20pure

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

souche pure : terme et définition normalisés par l'AFNOR.  3, record 19, French, - souche%20pure

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Close Inbreeding. The closest possible inbreeding is to mate a parent and its offspring together(mother and son, or father and daughter). This way the mated animals share half of their genetic make-up as offspring inherit half of their genes from each parent. Almost as close a form of inbreeding is to breed siblings together, as they will have a similar, but not identical, genetic make-up. Close inbreeding is used to fix desired qualities in the strain; for example, new colors or coat varieties, desired type or size. Although close inbreeding is an easy way to get uniform siblings with the desired qualities, it is also a way to fix unwanted qualities-for example lowered fertility and hereditary diseases.  2, record 20, English, - close%20inbreeding

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A strain of an organism that is homozygous because of continued inbreeding.  2, record 21, English, - pure%20line

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ensemble d'individus descendant d'un ancêtre commun homozygote pour tous les caractères, et n'ayant subi aucune mutation.  2, record 21, French, - lign%C3%A9e%20pure

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The inbreeding coefficient(F) is the probability that two alleles at any locus are identical and descended from a common ancestor.  2, record 22, English, - inbreeding%20coefficient

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Since the inbreeding coefficient is a probability, it can assume only the values within the range of zero to 1. 0. Inbreeding coefficients express the amount of inbreeding that has accumulated starting from a specific point in the ancestry of the population....  2, record 22, English, - inbreeding%20coefficient

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Probabilité pour que deux gènes reçus par un individu en un même locus soient la réplique d'un même gène ayant appartenu à l'un des ancêtres communs au père et à la mère.  2, record 22, French, - coefficient%20de%20consanguinit%C3%A9

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Plants that are self-pollinators, vigorous over generations of inbreeding.  1, record 24, English, - inbreeder

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Inbreeders ... are (at least predominantly) self-pollinated, have been purged of deleterious recessives and are tolerant of prolonged selfing.  1, record 24, English, - inbreeder

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Plantes qui conservent une vigueur pendant plusieurs générations d'autofécondation.  1, record 24, French, - plante%20autof%C3%A9cond%C3%A9e

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Plantes allogames.  2, record 24, French, - plante%20autof%C3%A9cond%C3%A9e

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Employment of excessive proportions of a higher education institution’s own graduates, especially doctoral graduates, as members of the faculty.  1, record 25, English, - inbreeding

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Politique qui consiste à restreindre le recrutement du personnel ou l'accession aux postes de direction aux seules personnes qui ont été formées au sein de l'organisation.  2, record 25, French, - autof%C3%A9condation

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In a four-way hybrid, F1s are used as both seed and pollen parents, because inbreeding depression has a negative effect on pollen production, too.  1, record 26, English, - four%2Dway%20hybrid

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Hybride résultant de croisement de deux hybrides doubles.  2, record 26, French, - hybride%20quadruple

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Besides maintaining the subpopulations, these exchanges of individuals also ensure genetic integrity by preventing the generally harmful effects of inbreeding.  1, record 27, English, - genetic%20integrity

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ces échanges d'individus, en plus de maintenir ces sous-populations, assurent aussi leur intégrité génétique en évitant les effets habituellement néfastes associés à la reproduction entre individus possédant des liens de parenté étroits (inbreeding).  1, record 27, French, - int%C3%A9grit%C3%A9%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A major cause of species loss today is the fragmentation of previously continuous habitat over large regions. Many species simply cannot breed successfully in fragmented ecosystems for a variety of reasons(predation, inbreeding, interference with daily/seasonal movements, lack of pollinators, etc). Recolonization of fragments of suitable habitat from other areas or regions is a constant necessity.  1, record 28, English, - fragment%20of%20habitat

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La recolonisation de parcelles d'habitat favorables à partir d'autres régions ou secteurs est une nécessité constante.  1, record 28, French, - parcelle%20d%27habitat

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A major cause of species loss today is the fragmentation of previously continuous habitat over large regions. Many species simply cannot breed successfully in fragmented ecosystems for a variety of reasons(predation, inbreeding, interference with daily/seasonal movements, lack of pollinators, etc). Recolonization of fragments of suitable habitat from other areas or regions is a constant necessity.  1, record 29, English, - fragmented%20ecosystem

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

De nombreuses espèces ne parviennent tout simplement plus, pour diverses raisons (prédation, consanguinité, déplacements journaliers ou saisonniers entravés, absence de pollinisateurs, etc.) à se reproduire dans ces écosystèmes morcelés.  1, record 29, French, - %C3%A9cosyst%C3%A8me%20morcel%C3%A9

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A major cause of species loss today is the fragmentation of previously continuous habitat over large regions. Many species simply cannot breed successfully in fragmented ecosystems for a variety of reasons(predation, inbreeding, interference with daily/seasonal movements, lack of pollinators, etc). Recolonization of fragments of suitable habitat from other areas or regions is a constant necessity.  1, record 30, English, - movement

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

De nos jours, un des principaux facteurs qui contribuent à la disparition des espèces est la fragmentation des habitats qui s'étendaient autrefois de façon ininterrompue sur de vastes territoires. De nombreuses espèces ne parviennent tout simplement plus, pour diverses raisons (prédation, consanguinité, déplacements journaliers ou saisonniers entravés, absence de pollinisateurs, etc.), à se reproduire dans ces écosystèmes morcelés.  1, record 30, French, - d%C3%A9placement

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

outbreeders... have various morphogenetic mechanisms that favour crossing, tend to carry deleterious recessives in the heterozygous state and show inbreeding depression.  1, record 31, English, - outbreeder

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

les allofécondées [...] possèdent divers mécanismes morphogénétiques favorisant la pollination croisée, tendent à transporter des gènes récessifs délétères à l'état hétérozygote et montrent une dépression due à la consanguinité.  1, record 31, French, - allof%C3%A9cond%C3%A9e

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A breeding procedure to discover the probable usefulness of an inbred line at the beginning of the inbreeding period.  2, record 32, English, - early%20testing

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Inbreeding is measured by F, the inbreeding coefficient, which is defined as the probability of identity of alleles by descent.  1, record 34, English, - inbreeding%20coefficient

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'autofécondation est mesurée par le coefficient d'autofécondation (F) que l'on défini comme étant la probabilité selon laquelle des allèles soient identiques par descendance.  1, record 34, French, - coefficient%20d%27autof%C3%A9condation

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish