TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A measure of the probability of a specified interaction between an incident radiation and a target particle or system of particles...  3, record 1, English, - cross%2Dsection

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In reactor physics the term is sometimes applied to a specified group of target particles, e.g. those per unit volume (macroscopic cross-section), or per unit mass, or those in a specified body.  3, record 1, English, - cross%2Dsection

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

cross-section: term standardized by ISO in 1997.  4, record 1, English, - cross%2Dsection

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 3 OBS

cross-section; cross section: terms extracted from the “Glossaire de l’énergie nucléaire” and reproduced with permission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.  4, record 1, English, - cross%2Dsection

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 PHR

atomic cross-section, molecular cross section.  5, record 1, English, - cross%2Dsection

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Mode d'expression particulier de la probabilité d'une interaction d'un type déterminé entre un rayonnement incident et une particule ou un système de particules constituant la cible [...]  2, record 1, French, - section%20efficace

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dans la physique des réacteurs, le terme s'applique parfois à un groupe de particules cibles, par exemple aux particules contenues dans l'unité de volume (section efficace macroscopique), ou à celles contenues dans l'unité de masse, ou à celles correspondant à un objet déterminé.  2, record 1, French, - section%20efficace

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

section efficace : terme normalisé par l'ISO en 1997.  3, record 1, French, - section%20efficace

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 3 OBS

section efficace : terme et définition publiés au Journal officiel de la République française le 22 septembre 2000.  3, record 1, French, - section%20efficace

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 4 OBS

section efficace : terme extrait du «Glossaire de l’énergie nucléaire» et reproduit avec l’autorisation de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques.  3, record 1, French, - section%20efficace

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An inelastic scattering in which some of the kinetic energy of an incident particle goes into excitation of the target nucleus followed by subsequent de-excitation through the emission of one or more photons.  1, record 2, English, - radiative%20inelastic%20scattering

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

radiative inelastic scattering: term and definition standardized by ISO.  2, record 2, English, - radiative%20inelastic%20scattering

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Diffusion inélastique dans laquelle une partie de l'énergie cinétique d'une particule incidente passe dans l'excitation du noyau cible avec, par la suite, désexcitation par l'émission d'un ou de plusieurs photons.  1, record 2, French, - diffusion%20in%C3%A9lastique%20radiative

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

diffusion inélastique radiative : terme et définition normalisés par l'ISO.  2, record 2, French, - diffusion%20in%C3%A9lastique%20radiative

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The cross section per target nucleus, atom, or molecule.  1, record 3, English, - microscopic%20cross%20section

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

It has the dimension of area and may be visualized as the area normal to the direction of an incident particle which has to be attributed to the target particle to account geometrically for its interaction with the incident particle. It is commonly expressed in barns.  1, record 3, English, - microscopic%20cross%20section

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 OBS

microscopic cross section: term and definition standardized by ISO.  2, record 3, English, - microscopic%20cross%20section

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Section efficace par noyau, atome ou molécule cibles.  1, record 3, French, - section%20efficace%20microscopique

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Elle a la dimension d'une aire et elle peut, d'une manière imagée, être représentée par l'aire normale à la direction d'une particule incidente qui doit être attribuée à la particule cible pour rendre compte géométriquement de son interaction avec la particule incidente. Elle est communément exprimée en barns.  1, record 3, French, - section%20efficace%20microscopique

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 OBS

section efficace microscopique : terme et définition normalisés par l'ISO.  2, record 3, French, - section%20efficace%20microscopique

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An atomic or nuclear interaction in which an incident particle disappears as a free particle even when one or more of the same or different particles are subsequently emitted [Definition standardized by ISO. ]  2, record 4, English, - particle%20absorption

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Interaction atomique ou nucléaire dans laquelle la particule incidente disparaît en tant que particule libre, même lorsqu'une ou plusieurs particules, différentes ou du même type, sont ultérieurement émises. [Définition normalisée par l'ISO.]  2, record 4, French, - absorption%20de%20particules

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The idea of giving a weight to the particles, in proportion to their likely contribution to the result being sought. This should be associated with the Russian roulette consisting of “killing” particles whose weight is too low, with a probability that is proportional to the weight, and the “duplication” or “splitting” of particles that are too heavy. It can also be sometimes of interest to replace absorptions (capture and fission) by weight charges, without stopping the particles …  3, record 5, English, - splitting%20technique

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

… the optimization and quantification of particle splitting [is] a variance reduction technique that decreases the variance of a run, [sigma], or its relative error, R, while increasing its computational time, [tau]. This splitting technique is described in several papers, books, and reports. Geometry splitting associated with Russian roulette is one of the most widely used variance reduction techniques in Monte Carlo codes. When used effectively(i. e. splitting a volume in the right number of layers), this method causes a net increase in the figure of merit, FOM … [In a given example of splitting technique], an incident neutron n₀ of weight W is split at the boundary crossing into two identical neutrons n_a and n_b(same energy, direction) having half the weight of n₀. The number of split particles and their weight are given by the ratio of weight associated with each volume of the problem.  1, record 5, English, - splitting%20technique

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Splitting. Dans les calculs de propagation profonde, les effets d’angle solide font en sorte que la plupart des particules ratent la cible (qui, en général, possède des dimensions assez petites par rapport à celles de la source et aux distances en jeu) : les temps de calcul risquent alors de devenir prohibitifs. La technique du splitting, qui consiste à dédoubler en fragments de poids réduit chaque particule franchissant une surface donnée dans la direction de la cible, permet de conserver partiellement l’information de la composante de vitesse utile. Après génération, chaque fragment est suivi individuellement et peut, à son tour, subir des fragmentations. L’idée est donc de multiplier le nombre de particules, quitte à en diminuer le poids, aux environs de la cible. Chaque fragment traversant la cible fournira, alors, une contribution — réduite — à la fonction réponse recherchée. Le procédé complémentaire, la roulette russe, est appliqué aux échantillons, ou fragments d’échantillons, traversant une surface de splitting dans la mauvaise direction par rapport à la cible : une fois sur deux, on annihile la particule et l’autre fois on continue à la suivre avec un poids multiplié par deux. On génère ainsi une population éparse de particules lourdes loin de la cible.  1, record 5, French, - technique%20du%20splitting

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The production of small flashes of light from certain materials("scintillators") as a result of the impact of radiation. Each incident particle produces one flash.  1, record 6, English, - scintillation

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Variation rapide d'éclat, plus ou moins périodique, d'une source lumineuse ponctuelle; lueur brève, localisée, de fréquence variable.  2, record 6, French, - scintillation

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The kinetic energy of an incident particle(expressed in the laboratory system) that excites an energy level in a compound nucleus.  1, record 8, English, - resonance%20energy

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

resonance energy: term standardized by ISO.  2, record 8, English, - resonance%20energy

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Énergie cinétique d'une particule incidente (exprimée dans le système du laboratoire) qui excite un niveau d'énergie d'un noyau composé.  2, record 8, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20de%20r%C3%A9sonance

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

énergie de résonance : terme normalisé par l'ISO.  3, record 8, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20de%20r%C3%A9sonance

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The combination of an incident particle and a nucleus in a resonance level of the resulting compound nucleus, characterized by having a large cross section at and very near the corresponding resonance energy.  1, record 9, English, - resonance%20capture

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Capture de neutrons présentant des résonances.  3, record 9, French, - capture%20r%C3%A9sonante

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A nuclear reaction which takes place only if the incident particle possesses an energy at least equal to the threshold energy.  1, record 10, English, - threshold%20reaction

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Sometimes the term is applied to reactions for which there is a small probability below a certain energy value and a large probability above the value.  1, record 10, English, - threshold%20reaction

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 OBS

threshold reaction: term standardized by ISO.  2, record 10, English, - threshold%20reaction

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Réaction nucléaire qui a lieu seulement si la particule incidente possède une énergie au moins égale au seuil d'énergie.  2, record 10, French, - r%C3%A9action%20%C3%A0%20seuil

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ce terme s'applique parfois à des réactions pour lesquelles il existe une faible probabilité au-dessous d'une certaine valeur d'énergie et une forte probabilité au-dessus de cette valeur.  2, record 10, French, - r%C3%A9action%20%C3%A0%20seuil

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 OBS

réaction à seuil : terme normalisé par l'ISO.  3, record 10, French, - r%C3%A9action%20%C3%A0%20seuil

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

resonance radiation : radiation emitted by an atom or molecule, having the same frequency as that of an incident particle, as a photon, and usually involving a transition to the lowest energy level of the atom or molecule.  1, record 11, English, - incident%20particle

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Sous le terme d'irradiation, on peut distinguer trois types d'interaction entre les particules incidentes (neutrons, électrons, particules [alpha], ions, fragments de fission ou rayons [gamma]) et un matériau [...]  1, record 11, French, - particule%20incidente

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A process in which a change in direction or energy of an incident particle is caused by a collision with a particle or a system of particles.  4, record 12, English, - electromagnetic%20scattering

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Scattering, or diffuse reflection occurs when incident electromagnetic radiation is dispersed in all directions from a rough surface.  5, record 12, English, - electromagnetic%20scattering

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Electromagnetic scattering from objects in free space or embedded in material media.  6, record 12, English, - electromagnetic%20scattering

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

electromagnetic scattering: term officially approved by the RADARSAT-2 Terminology Approval Group (RTAG).  7, record 12, English, - electromagnetic%20scattering

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Processus dans lequel un changement de direction ou d'énergie d'une particule incidente est causé par la collision de cette particule avec une autre particule ou un système de particules.  3, record 12, French, - diffusion%20%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La diffusion a pour effet une augmentation du rayonnement dans toutes les directions et une atténuation (ou extinction) dans la direction de propagation de l'onde.  3, record 12, French, - diffusion%20%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Diffusion électromagnétique par des objets en espace libre ou dans des milieux matériels.  4, record 12, French, - diffusion%20%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

diffusion électromagnétique : terme uniformisé par le Groupe de travail de la terminologie de RADARSAT-2 (GTTR).  5, record 12, French, - diffusion%20%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The limiting kinetic energy(expressed in the laboratory system) of an incident particle, below which a specified process cannot take place.  1, record 13, English, - threshold%20energy

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Term and definition standardized by ISO.  2, record 13, English, - threshold%20energy

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Énergie cinétique limite (exprimée dans le système du laboratoire) d'une particule incidente au-dessous de laquelle un processus déterminé ne peut pas se produire.  2, record 13, French, - seuil%20d%27%C3%A9nergie

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Terme et définition normalisés par l'ISO.  3, record 13, French, - seuil%20d%27%C3%A9nergie

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Particle sizes and distribution can be successfully measured using low angle laser light scattering(LALLS). This technique uses a light source of known wavelength to cause oscillation of the dipoles present in the particles. The electromagnetic energy released from these oscillating dipoles, known as secondary radiation, radiates out in all directions except along the axis of oscillation. The ratio between the wavelength of incident radiation and the particle size will determine the actual light scattering pattern from the particle.  3, record 14, English, - low%2Dangle%20laser%20light%20scattering

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Low-angle laser light scattering and thermal analysis techniques will be used to characterize emulsions/demulsifiers.  4, record 14, English, - low%2Dangle%20laser%20light%20scattering

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Diffraction de lumière laser aux petits angles. Lorsqu'une particule sphérique est éclairée par un faisceau parallèle de lumière cohérente et monochromatique, un motif de diffraction vient se superposer à l'image géométrique. Ce motif est grand par rapport à l'image, les petites particules diffractant la lumière suivant un angle plus grand que les grosses particules. Une gamme granulométrique peut être divisée en intervalles de taille qui génèrent chacun un motif de diffraction en fonction de sa taille moyenne, avec une intensité fonction du nombre de particules qu'il contient. On peut donc obtenir la distribution granulométrique en analysant le motif de diffraction.  1, record 14, French, - diffraction%20de%20lumi%C3%A8re%20laser%20aux%20petits%20angles

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Table showing the proportions of the energy of incident light scattered by a particle as a function of the angle of incidence.  2, record 17, English, - light%20scattering%20table

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Tableau montrant dans quelle proportion la lumière incidente est diffusée par une particule en fonction de l'angle d'incidence.  2, record 17, French, - tableau%20de%20la%20diffusion%20de%20la%20lumi%C3%A8re

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Tabla que muestra la proporción de la energía incidente de la luz difundida por una partícula en función del ángulo de incidencia.  1, record 17, Spanish, - tabla%20de%20difusi%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20luz

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The method by which incident radiation interacts with the medium to cause ionization may be direct or indirect. Electromagnetic radiations(X rays and gamma photons) are indirectly ionizing; that is, they give up their energy in various interactions with cellular molecules, and the energy is then utilized to produce a fast-moving charged particle such as an electron. It is the electron that then secondarily may react with a target molecule. Charged particles, in contrast, strike the tissue or medium and directly react with target molecules, such as oxygen or water. These particulate radiations are directly ionizing radiations.  1, record 18, English, - gamma%20photon

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The third step is to fuse two tritium nuclei into one helium and two proton products. The end result of fusing four hydrogen nuclei (protons) is one helium nucleus, and two gamma ray photons, and two electron neutrinos, and kinetic heat energy.  2, record 18, English, - gamma%20photon

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Gamma rays: A very penetrating electromagnetic radiation emitted from a nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay. Radiation: An emission of energy in the form of photons (gamma, x-rays) or particles (alpha, beta, positron, neutron radiation). Photon: A type of radiation in the form of an electromagnetic wave, having zero mass and zero charge.  3, record 18, English, - gamma%20photon

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les photons gamma très pénétrants permettent de réaliser de véritables radiographies des matériaux les plus denses. Cette technique [gammamétrie] est appliquée depuis quelques années à la détermination de la densité et de l'humidité des sols.  1, record 18, French, - photon%20gamma

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A neutron interaction in which the incident neutron disappears as a free particle even when one or more neutrons are subsequently emitted accompanied by other particles, e. g. in fission.  2, record 19, English, - neutron%20absorption

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Scattering is not considered to be part of neutron absorption.  2, record 19, English, - neutron%20absorption

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Interaction nucléaire dans laquelle le neutron incident disparaît en tant que particule libre, même lorsqu'un ou plusieurs neutrons sont ultérieurement réémis en compagnie d'autres particules (comme dans la fission par exemple).  2, record 19, French, - absorption%20de%20neutrons

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La diffusion n'est pas considérée comme faisant partie de l'absorption de neutrons.  3, record 19, French, - absorption%20de%20neutrons

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish