TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Relative wage is defined as how one's wage compares to others within the same geographical region.... People who have a decline in relative income may attempt to increase their income relative to others by working more hours in order to increase their utility.... Thus, increased inequality might indicate an increased motivation for people to act depending on their relative wage. So as inequality increases, one's relative wage may become increasingly important in their work/leisure decision.  3, record 1, English, - relative%20wage

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Relative income concerns have important implications for microeconomic and macroeconomic policy, and for understanding the impact of income inequality. Recent empirical studies have documented a systematic correlation between measures of relative income and reported job satisfaction..., happiness..., health and longevity...  1, record 2, English, - relative%20income

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Economic inequality is the unequal distribution of income and opportunity between different groups in society. It is a concern in almost all countries around the world and often people are trapped in poverty with little chance to climb up the social ladder.  3, record 3, English, - economic%20inequality

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Une inégalité économique et sociale persistante touche de façon disproportionnée les personnes les plus pauvres et les plus vulnérables, particulièrement les populations autochtones, les personnes d'ascendance africaine, les femmes, les enfants et les jeunes.  2, record 3, French, - in%C3%A9galit%C3%A9%20%C3%A9conomique

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This is the most commonly used measure of inequality. The coefficient varies between 0, which reflects complete equality, and 1, which indicates complete inequality(one person has all the income or consumption, all others have none). Graphically, the Gini coefficient can be easily represented by the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of equality.  7, record 4, English, - Gini%20coefficient

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Gini inequality index: designation extracted from the "Glossaire de l’économie" and reproduced with permission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.  8, record 4, English, - Gini%20coefficient

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Indicateur d'inégalité qui mesure l'écart entre l'état d'une répartition à un moment donné [...] et une situation d'égalité parfaite.  8, record 4, French, - coefficient%20de%20Gini

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le coefficient de Gini est un nombre variant de 0 à 1, où 0 signifie l'égalité parfaite et 1, qui ne peut être atteint, signifierait une inégalité parfaite (une seule personne dispose de tous les revenus et une infinité d'autres n'ont aucun revenu).  10, record 4, French, - coefficient%20de%20Gini

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le coefficient de Gini est calculé grâce à la courbe de Lorenz.  11, record 4, French, - coefficient%20de%20Gini

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

indice d'inégalité de Gini; indice de concentration de Gini : désignations extraites du «Glossaire de l’économie» et reproduits avec l’autorisation de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques.  12, record 4, French, - coefficient%20de%20Gini

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[...] varía entre 1 (igualdad absoluta) y 0 (desequilibrio máximo).  1, record 4, Spanish, - coeficiente%20de%20Gini

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Inequality differs among nations and is different for income than for wealth...  2, record 5, English, - inequality

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lawyers and doctors show great income inequalities, professors and army officers less ...  2, record 6, English, - income%20inequality

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Another aspect of the US restructuring experience that has been key to the tactics of labour cost compression-a marked widening of income inequality. In 1995, the wages of US male earners were roughly 4, 4 times those of the lower decile... wage dispersion ratio was between 2. 0 and 3. 0 for Germany, Japan, Italy, Sweden, Finland and Australia. The ratio for UK was about 3. 3, and that for Canada about 3. 8.  1, record 7, English, - wage%20dispersion%20ratio

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un autre aspect de l'expérience américaine de restructuration a constitué une pièce maîtresse de la stratégie de réduction des coûts de main-d'œuvre : l'aggravation des inégalités de revenus. En 1995, les travailleurs masculins appartenant au décile le plus élevé gagnaient environ 4,4 fois plus que ceux du décile inférieur [...] le ratio de dispersion des salaires s'échelonnait entre 2,0 et 3,0 pour l'Allemagne, le Japon, l'Italie, la Suède, la Finlande et l'Australie. Ce même ratio s'établissait à environ 3,3 pour le Royaume-Uni et à 3,8 pour le Canada.  1, record 7, French, - ratio%20de%20dispersion%20des%20salaires

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

While economic growth lifts millions of people out of poverty, income inequality and urban-rural tensions will continue to grow.  1, record 8, English, - urban%2Drural%20tensions

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Bien que la croissance économique sortira des millions de personnes de la pauvreté, les inégalités et les tensions entre les villes et les régions rurales continueront de s’exacerber.  1, record 8, French, - tensions%20entre%20les%20villes%20et%20les%20r%C3%A9gions%20rurales

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Growth that is sustainable that brings lasting full employment and poverty reduction, that curtails excessive inequality of income, and that respects human freedom and the environment  1, record 9, English, - high%2Dquality%20growth

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

(Croissance) viable, capable de mener durablement au plein emploi et au recul de la pauvreté, qui réduit les inégalités de revenu les plus criantes et respecte la liberté de l'homme et l'environnement  1, record 9, French, - croissance%20de%20qualit%C3%A9

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Finally, one of the main topics for discussion among the speakers was the relevance of aggregate indicators. "BIP 40" index, which originated in an initiative taken by an Inequality Alert Network(Réseau d’alerte sur les inégalités), is intended to be a barometer incorporating more than 60 statistical series concerning the various fields related to inequality and poverty, work, income, housing, education, health, the law.  1, record 10, English, - BIP%2040%20index

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Indicateur économique synthétique qui mesure les inégalités et la pauvreté.  2, record 10, French, - BIP%2040

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

BIP est la forme abrégée de baromètre des inégalités et de la pauvreté. La désignation BIP 40 fait référence à la fois au PIB (Produit Intérieur Brut) écrit à l'envers et au CAC 40.  2, record 10, French, - BIP%2040

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Il a été créé en 2002 par des économistes, des statisticiens, des syndicalistes et des militants associatifs, regroupés au sein du Réseau d'alerte sur les inégalités (RAI). Sa création a pour origine une polémique en 1999 sur l'évolution du taux de pauvreté relative calculé par l'INSEE [Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques]. Il est élaboré à partir de 58 indicateurs statistiques.  2, record 10, French, - BIP%2040

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

El "barómetro de las desigualdades y de la pobreza" (denominado bip 40) permite observar que, a partir de 2004, las diferencias entre las tasas de desempleo correspondientes a los directivos y los obreros, por una parte, y los jóvenes y las personas de más edad, por otra, volvieron a aumentar […]  4, record 10, Spanish, - BIP%2040

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Growing Unequal? brings together a range of analyses on the distribution of economic resources in OECD countries. The evidence on income distribution and poverty covers, for the first time, all 30 OECD countries in the mid-2000s, while information on trends extending back to the mid-1980s is provided for around two-thirds of the countries. The report also describes inequalities in a range of domains(such as household wealth, consumption patterns, in-kind public services) that are typically excluded from conventional discussion about the distribution of economic resources among individuals and households. Precisely how much inequality there is in a society is not determined randomly, nor is it beyond the power of governments to change, so long as they take note of the sort of up-to-date evidence included in this report.  2, record 11, English, - Growing%20Unequal%3F%20Income%20Distribution%20and%20Poverty%20in%20OECD%20Countries

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Croissance et inégalités réunit de nombreuses analyses de la distribution des ressources économiques dans les pays de l'OCDE. Les données présentées sur la distribution des revenus et la pauvreté couvrent, pour la première fois, l'ensemble des 30 pays de l'OCDE au milieu des années 2000. En outre, des informations sur les évolutions observées depuis le milieu des années 80 sont fournies pour environ deux tiers d'entre eux. Cet ouvrage décrit également les inégalités dans divers domaines (tels que le patrimoine des ménages, les modes de consommation ou les services publics en nature) qui sont généralement exclus des analyses classiques sur la distribution des ressources économiques entre les individus et les ménages. Le lecteur trouvera dans ce rapport les informations les plus complètes, objectives et à jour qui soient. Il s’agit d’une référence essentielle pour permettre aux pouvoirs publics d'éviter un accroissement des inégalités sans sacrifier pour autant l'efficience de l'économie.  2, record 11, French, - Croissance%20et%20in%C3%A9galit%C3%A9s%20%3A%20Distribution%20des%20revenus%20et%20pauvret%C3%A9%20dans%20les%20pays%20de%20l%26rsquo%3BOCDE

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Publication of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Strategic Policy Branch, Ottawa, 2000.  1, record 12, English, - Income%20Inequality%20in%20Canada%20%3A%20Farm%20Versus%20Non%2DFarm%20Families%2C%201985%20to%201995

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Publication d'Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Direction générale des politiques stratégiques, Ottawa, 2000.  1, record 12, French, - L%27in%C3%A9galit%C3%A9%20de%20revenu%20au%20Canada%20%3A%20Familles%20agricoles%20et%20non%20agricoles%2C%201985%20%C3%A0%201995

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

When inequality rises, the "average income of those richer than you" becomes a larger constant multiple of your income(...)  1, record 13, English, - average%20income

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... we will conceptualize inequality as the dispersion of a distribution, whether that be income, consumption or other welfare indicator or attribute of population  1, record 14, English, - welfare%20indicator

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

C'est en partie parce qu'on utilisait un indicateur de bien-être tant économique que social que, depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le produit intérieur brut (PIB) s'est retrouvé au centre de l'élaboration des politiques.  1, record 14, French, - indicateur%20de%20bien%2D%C3%AAtre

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Published in December 1996 by Human Resources Development Canada, Applied Research Branch.  1, record 15, English, - Why%20is%20Family%20Market%20Income%20Inequality%20Increasing%20in%20Canada%3F%20Examining%20the%20Effects%20of%20Aging%2C%20Family%20Formation%2C%20Globalization%20and%20Technology

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Publié en décembre 1996 par Développement des ressources humaines Canada, Direction générale de la recherche appliquée.  1, record 15, French, - Why%20is%20Family%20Market%20Income%20Inequality%20Increasing%20in%20Canada%3F%20Examining%20the%20Effects%20of%20Aging%2C%20Family%20Formation%2C%20Globalization%20and%20Technology

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1999. (Research paper series, No. 132). "The paper essentially addresses two questions: 1) for a particular child, to what extent is the probability of the movement into or out of low income associated with changes in their families’ composition (primarily marriage or separation) and changes in the labour market experience of the parents (i.e., working more or fewer weeks per year or changes in weekly wages)? and, 2) among all children who move into or out of low-income, what role do changes in family compositions and changing labour market experiences of the parents play?"  1, record 16, English, - Distribution%2C%20Inequality%20and%20Concentration%20of%20Income%20Among%20Older%20Immigrants%20in%20Canada%2C%201990

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ottawa : Statistique Canada, 1999. (Documents de recherche, No. 132). «Ce document aborde essentiellement deux questions: 1) Pour un enfant en particulier, dans quelle mesure la probabilité d'entrer dans la situation de faible revenu ou d'en sortir est-elle reliée aux changements observés dans la composition de la famille (notamment le mariage ou la séparation) et aux changements dans la situation des parents sur le marché du travail (augmentation ou diminution du nombre de semaines de travail par année ou modification de la rémunération hebdomadaire, par exemple)? 2) Pour l'ensemble des enfants dans la situation de faible revenu ou en sortent, quel rôle les changements dans la composition de la famille et dans la situation des parents sur le marché du travail jouent-ils?»  1, record 16, French, - Distribution%2C%20in%C3%A9galit%C3%A9%20et%20concentration%20des%20revenues%20chez%20les%20immigrants%20%C3%A2g%C3%A9s%20au%20Canada%2C%201990

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ottawa : Statistics Canada, 1999.(Research paper series, No. 129). "In this study, we examine the distribution, inequality, polarization and concentration of income of older immigrants, defined as those aged 55 years and over by birthplace and sex... The data come from the 1991 Census of Canada. Income refers to personal income obtained in the calendar year 1990. Income from all sources(wages & salary, government transfers, investment, retirement) are included. "  1, record 17, English, - Why%20do%20children%20move%20into%20and%20out%20of%20low%20income%3A%20changing%20labour%20market%20conditions%20or%20marriage%20and%20divorce%3F

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ottawa : Statistique Canada, 1999. (Documents de recherche, No. 129). «Dans cette étude, nous examinons la distribution, l'inégalité, la polarisation et la concentration des revenus des immigrants âgés qu'on définit comme ceux qui ont plus de 55 ans, selon le lieu de naissance et le sexe ... Les données sont tirées du recensement du Canada de 1991. Le revenu désigne le revenu personnel obtenu au cours de l'année civile 1990. Le revenu de toutes sources (traitements et salaires, transferts gouvernementaux, placements, revenus de retraite, etc.) est inclus.»  1, record 17, French, - Qu%27est%2Dce%20qui%20explique%20les%20mouvements%20des%20enfants%20vers%20la%20situation%20de%20faible%20revenu%20et%20hors%20de%20celle%2D%C3%A7i%20%3Ales%20changements%20de%20situation%20sur%20le%20march%C3%A9%20du%20travail%20ou%20le%20mariage%20et%20le%20divorce%3F

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The economic rate of return in social prices. Social prices are shadow prices which incorporate social factors such as scarcity of savings, income inequality and poverty.  1, record 18, English, - social%20rate%20of%20return

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Published in 1990 in Washington, D.C. by the Urban Institute Press.  1, record 19, English, - Poverty%2C%20inequality%2C%20and%20income%20distribution%20in%20comparative%20perspective%20%3A%20the%20Luxembourg%20Income%20Study

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Publié en 1990 à Washington, D.C. par la Urban Institute Press.  1, record 19, French, - Poverty%2C%20inequality%2C%20and%20income%20distribution%20in%20comparative%20perspective%20%3A%20the%20Luxembourg%20Income%20Study

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The income inequality index is a simple measure which divides average income by median income. The higher the ratio, the more unequally income is distributed.  1, record 20, English, - income%20inequality%20index

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

"L'indice de l'inégalité du revenu" est une mesure simple qui divise le revenu moyen par le revenu médian. Plus la proportion est élevée, plus le revenu se répartit de façon inégale.  1, record 20, French, - indice%20de%20l%27in%C3%A9galit%C3%A9%20du%20revenu

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

When inequality rises, the "average income of those richer than you" becomes a larger constant multiple of your income(...)  1, record 21, English, - constant%20multiple

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The shaded area of this Lorenz chart(as a percentage of half the square's area) measures relative inequality of income.  1, record 22, English, - relative%20inequality%20of%20income

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 OBS

If labor could be ignored, the distribution of incomes would tend to be that determined by the distribution of wealth : at the same interest return, twice the wealth yields twice the income. Hence, property incomes show great Lorenz inequality.  1, record 23, English, - Lorenz%20inequality

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Its Lorenz curve is given in Fig. 6-2 by the indicated intermediate blue curve, with the shaded area indicating the deviation from absolute equality, and hence giving us a measure of the degree of inequality of income distribution.  1, record 24, English, - absolute%20equality

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

At the other extreme, we have the hypothetical case of absolute inequality, where everybody(say, 99 out of 100 people) has no income, except for one person who has all the income.  1, record 25, English, - absolute%20inequality

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The shaded area of this Lorenz chart(...) measures relative inequality of income.  1, record 26, English, - Lorenz%20chart

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The income tax tends somewhat to reduce the inequality of disposable income.  1, record 27, English, - inequality%20of%20disposable%20income

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Lorenz diagram is a convenient device for measuring the spread or inequalities of income distribution.  1, record 28, English, - inequality%20of%20income%20distribution

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Whereas the United Kingdom and the United States have similar inequality of income, note that the United Kingdom has much greater inequality of wealth than does the United States.  1, record 29, English, - inequality%20of%20wealth

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish