TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... an incremental algorithm operates on incomplete knowledge, not only because it uses a local context but also because the available knowledge changes over time. In particular, new information is integrated into the available knowledge.  2, record 1, English, - incremental%20algorithm

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A statement about an entity of the real or conceptual world, whose validity is measured by a certainty factor.  2, record 2, English, - belief

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Beliefs help derive a conclusion from incomplete knowledge.  2, record 2, English, - belief

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

belief: designation and definition standardized by ISO in collaboration with the International Electrotechnical Commission.  3, record 2, English, - belief

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Énoncé relatif à une entité du monde réel ou conceptuel, dont la validité est caractérisée par un facteur de certitude.  2, record 2, French, - croyance

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les croyances permettent de tirer une conclusion à partir de connaissances incomplètes.  2, record 2, French, - croyance

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

croyance : désignation et définition normalisées par l'ISO en collaboration avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale.  3, record 2, French, - croyance

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A form of inverse induction while making inferences from incomplete knowledge. It assumes a relatively even distribution of information access the database.  2, record 4, English, - lack%2Dof%2Dknowledge%20strategy

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the structure of SHCOLAR's semantic network(Carbonell 1970) there are already facilities to support the lack-of-knowledge strategy. The concept hierarchy can be used to collect objects similar to the original one : they must be its siblings with respect to a common superordinate. The depth of knowledge can be measured by the numerical relevance tags associated with information. For example, if oil is not on the list of Uruguay's products, this does not necessarily imply that Uruguay does not produce oil at all since the database may be incomplete. Furthermore, there is no list of goods that a country does not produce. But, if oil is mentioned for another country say Venezuela-with a relevance-tag value at which something else is known for Uruguay, this is an induction that oil is not produced in Uruguay.  2, record 4, English, - lack%2Dof%2Dknowledge%20strategy

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A learning method which involves creating a new concept by modifying the definition of a known concept.  3, record 5, English, - learning%20by%20analogy

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A large body of causal knowledge is used to fill out incomplete descriptions and guide analogical inference.  4, record 5, English, - learning%20by%20analogy

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Forme d'apprentissage qui exige de celui qui apprend de faire des déductions à partir de l'information qui lui arrive. Elle implique la reconnaissance d'une similitude avec une structure de connaissance en mémoire et des opérations d'abstraction et de spécialisation.  3, record 5, French, - apprentissage%20par%20analogie

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] l'apprentissage par analogie repose sur le transfert d'informations que réalise le système lorsqu'il découvre que la situation nouvelle partage certaines caractéristiques avec des situations connues.  4, record 5, French, - apprentissage%20par%20analogie

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

L'apprentissage par analogie consiste à reconnaître des similarités entre le concept à apprendre (ou analogue cible) et un concept connu (ou analogue source), et à déterminer quelles caractéristiques pertinentes peuvent être transférées de l'analogue source vers l'analogue cible.  2, record 5, French, - apprentissage%20par%20analogie

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Bien qu'il s'agisse d'une forme d'apprentissage fréquente chez l'être humain et que les spécialistes en «Machine Learning» lui consacrent de plus en plus d'attention cette stratégie n'a pas, à notre connaissance, été utilisée par des tutoriels intelligents.  4, record 5, French, - apprentissage%20par%20analogie

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Forma de aprendizaje que consiste en adquirir nuevos factores o habilidades mediante la transformación y aumento del conocimiento existente que tiene una fuerte similitud con el nuevo concepto o habilidad deseado en una forma efectivamente útil en la nueva situación.  1, record 5, Spanish, - aprendizaje%20por%20analog%C3%ADa

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

As an intelligent programming tutor, BIP is incomplete. The only form of advice it can give the student consists of hints stored with the different tasks, since it has no knowledge of design, coding or debugging. Furthermore, its feedback to the student is limited by its inability to diagnose logical errors. When a program has been completed, BIP simply tests it on a set of input/output pairs without any analysis of the algorithm, as do systems presented in Chapter 11. After a syntactic match on keywords has revealed the use or absence of certain constructs designated as necessary or forbidden for the task, the student is merely informed about language constructs that should or shouldn’t have been used.  2, record 6, English, - intelligent%20programming%20tutor

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... incorrect or suboptimal behavior does not always proceed from incomplete knowledge. It can also be due to incorrect versions of the target knowledge.  2, record 7, English, - target%20knowledge

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 CONT

... a central obstacle to intelligent tutoring is the fact that different learners may acquire different representations of the target knowledge.  3, record 7, English, - target%20knowledge

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

As opposed to "initial knowledge."  4, record 7, English, - target%20knowledge

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Connaissance que l'étudiant est censé maîtriser à la suite d'une session EIAO.  1, record 7, French, - connaissance%20cible

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Unlike computers, students become inventive when their actions are blocked by a situation their current knowledge has not prepared them to handle. When incomplete knowledge leads to an impasse, that is, a point where a necessary action violates a constraint, they attempt a repair, that is, a local piece of problem solving that will allow them to continue in spite of the impasse.  1, record 8, English, - impasse

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Dans un espace d'états, position qui n'est pas une solution mais à partir de laquelle aucun déplacement ne permet d'améliorer les choses. Pour s'en sortir, il faut changer de parcours. Lorsque tous les chemins conduisent à une impasse, c'est une indication qu'il n'existe pas de solution.  1, record 8, French, - impasse

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Possible future changes of climate due to anthropogenic aerosols. In view of the many ways in which the global aerosol distribution may change and our incomplete knowledge about the geographical distribution of possible past changes, projections of future impacts on climate are not possible except in very general terms.  1, record 9, English, - aerosol%20distribution

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En ce qui concerne les aérosols troposphériques, les difficultés pour évaluer les impacts proviennent surtout de la distribution spatiale des particules. Celle-ci est géographiquement très variable, car les activités humaines et naturelles émettent des particules dont le temps de résidence est généralement faible dans la troposphère (de quelques jours à un mois). Par ailleurs l'on dispose de peu de données sur le contenu de la troposphère en aérosols dans les zones isolées.  2, record 9, French, - r%C3%A9partition%20spatiale%20des%20a%C3%A9rosols

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An important class of inferences dealing with open sets(i. e. incomplete knowledge). Contradiction is commonly used by people to make negative inferences. Computationally, some inferences by contradiction can be achieved by the addition of two types of markers in a semantic net. First, a pair of relations can be marked as being mutually exclusive(a given object cannot be a city and a river, though it can be a city and a capital). Secondly, exhaustive sets can be marked as closed. This ensures that properties of subparts collectively imply the same properties for the whole(if no country on a continent is known to produce sugar, then it can be inferred that the continent does not produce sugar, provided that the available set of its countries is marked as closed).  1, record 10, English, - negative%20inference

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

See also inference by assumption, inverse induction, lack-of-knowledge strategy, functional analysis.  2, record 10, English, - negative%20inference

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir aussi réseau sémantique.  1, record 10, French, - inf%C3%A9rence%20n%C3%A9gative

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In making inference from incomplete knowledge, one can also use a form of inverse induction that Carbonell and Collins call the lack-of-knowledge strategy.  1, record 11, English, - inverse%20induction

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Induction : opération mentale qui consiste à remonter des faits à la loi, de cas données (propositions inductrices) le plus souvent singuliers ou spéciaux, à une proposition plus générale.  2, record 11, French, - induction%20inverse

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A local piece of problem solving that will allow the student to continue in spite of an impasse.  1, record 12, English, - repair

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Unlike computers, students become inventive when their actions are blocked by a situation their current knowledge has not prepared them to handle. When incomplete knowledge leads to an impasse, that is a point where a necessary action violates a constraint, they attempt a repair.  1, record 12, English, - repair

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

See also remediation.  2, record 12, English, - repair

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Autocorrection des erreurs chez l'apprenant. Terme proposé par Yves Kodratoff de préférence à reprise, redressement et correction.  1, record 12, French, - rectification

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Reasoning in the presence of incomplete knowledge plays an important role in many AI expert systems.  2, record 13, English, - incomplete%20knowledge

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish