TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... an intentional trespasser is one who trespasses knowing he is wrong, while an innocent trespasser believes he is right.  2, record 1, English, - intentional%20trespasser

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

L'intrusion est intentionnelle lorsque l'auteur de l'intrusion est conscient que ce qu'il fait n'est pas correct.  3, record 1, French, - auteur%20d%27intrusion%20intentionnelle

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The CIT, also known as the guilty knowledge test [GKT], is used in criminal investigations to examine whether a person recognizes crime-relevant information that innocent people would not know. In the CIT, an examiner presents several items to an examinee, one of which is a crime-relevant item. The items are selected such that innocent examinees would not be able to distinguish the crime-relevant(critical) item from the crime-irrelevant(non-critical) items. Each item is presented once in a block and this block is repeated several times in different presentation orders. During the CIT, the examiner records physiological responses to the items. In the case that the responses do not differ between the critical and non-critical items, the examiner would infer that the examinee does not recognize the critical item. On the other hand, in the case that the responses differ between the critical and non-critical items, the examiner would infer that the examinee recognizes the critical item.  1, record 2, English, - concealed%20information%20test

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le test des solutions connues et inconnues [...] a pour but de récolter des informations au sujet du crime que le suspect ne lâche pas […] Ce test permet de vérifier si la personne interrogée possède ladite "connaissance de culpabilité [...] On montre, par exemple, un certain nombre de couteaux, dont l'un constitut l'arme du crime. Tant le suspect coupable que le suspect innocent donneront une réponse négative à chaque fois qu'il leur est montré un couteau et qu'il leur est demandé s'ils l'ont utilisé pour commettre le meurtre. Or, le suspect coupable reconnaîtra le couteau qu'il a utilisé. C'est ce que nous appelons la connaissance de culpabilité et ce savoir déclenche une activité physiologique accrue.  2, record 2, French, - test%20de%20la%20connaissance%20coupable

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

"The presence or absence of reasonable anticipation of damage determines the legal quality of the act as negligent or innocent. If it be thus determined to be negligent or innocent, then the question whether particular damages are recoverable depends only on the answer to the question whether they are the direct consequence of the act... "  2, record 3, English, - direct%20consequence

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

"Le fait qu'on puisse ou non raisonnablement prévoir un dommage permet de déterminer si l'acte constitue ou non une négligence sur le plan juridique. Si l'on en vient à la conclusion qu'il y a eu négligence, le demandeur pourra obtenir réparation à l'égard de dommages donnés s'ils sont la conséquence directe de l'acte en question..."  2, record 3, French, - cons%C3%A9quence%20directe

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

conséquence directe : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  3, record 3, French, - cons%C3%A9quence%20directe

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The avoidance of conviction and punishment of the innocent has long been in the forefront of the basic tenets of our legal system.  3, record 4, English, - basic%20tenet

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le droit à la liberté et la présomption d'innocence sont des préceptes fondamentaux de notre système de justice criminelle.  2, record 4, French, - pr%C3%A9cepte%20fondamental

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A hypothetical moral dilemma used by philosophers to investigate ethical judgements and intuitions.  2, record 5, English, - trolley%20problem

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The trolley problem concerns a set of cases that raise the problem of whether, when, and by whom some innocent bystanders may be killed in order that a greater number of different people can survive.  3, record 5, English, - trolley%20problem

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Expérience de pensée utilisée en éthique qui vise à mettre à l'épreuve les valeurs morales d'une personne.  5, record 5, French, - probl%C3%A8me%20du%20tramway

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Un tramway s'approche à toute vitesse d'un aiguillage. Si ce dernier n'est pas actionné, cinq personnes se trouvant sur la voie empruntée seront tuées. S'il l'est, une personne présente sur la voie de déviation mourra. La décision d'actionner ou non l'aiguillage dépend de l'importance relative que chacun accorde à sa conception du devoir moral et à ses conséquences réelles.  6, record 5, French, - probl%C3%A8me%20du%20tramway

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Condonation of a matrimonial offence requires three essential elements, namely :...(3) The reinstatement in his or her marital position of the guilty spouse by the innocent one-the factum of reinstatement.  2, record 6, English, - guilty

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le terme «époux fautif» évoque immédiatement l'idée que l'époux a commis une faute, cet acte moralement blâmable sur lequel reposait traditionnellement l'institution du divorce.  3, record 6, French, - fautif

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Atlantic Provinces Trial Lawyers Association is a plaintiff-oriented organization dedicated to obtaining legal redress for those who have suffered injury or injustice, and to preserving the rights of the injured to full and fair compensation.... APTLA speaks with one voice on matters of concern to plaintiff-oriented lawyers and their clients. APTLA was formed with three fundamental purposes in mind : to form a network of like thinking trial lawyers who would share among its members their wealth of knowledge and experiences; to work to preserve innocent victims’ rights to tort recovery and to directly oppose tort recovery restrictions and work to correct the erosion of rights around the region; and, to establish first class skill-sharpening legal education programs which are inspirational, highly relevant, and impart to plaintiff trial lawyers skills and information directly related to their practices.  3, record 7, English, - Atlantic%20Provinces%20Trial%20Lawyers%20Association

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Frequently words and ambiguous or capable of being understood in several senses, defamatory in one but not another. What meaning is to be attached to them : that intended by the author? that understood by the addressee? or some tertium quid? The first(intended meaning) was long ago disqualified : one may be liable though innocent of any intention to defame. The second(comprehended meaning) seems most compatible with the purpose of damages being to compensate for actual injury, provided only that to understand the words in a defamatory sense was not unreasonable. In some respects, indeed, this test is important. The words, e. g., must have been published to someone capable of understanding them in a defamatory sense, not in a foreign language he could not comprehend.  1, record 8, English, - comprehended%20meaning

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Under the general law of contract, said Lord Wilberforce, acceptance of a repudiatory breach does not bring about rescission ab initio’. It follows, therefore, that if an innocent party, the victim of a breach of contract that is sufficiently important, chooses to treat the contract as discharged, for example, where goods sold to a buyer are defective and the buyer rejects them, his conduct is not to be looked upon as involving rescission of the contract.  2, record 9, English, - rescission%20ab%20initio

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

anéantissement rétroactif : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 9, French, - an%C3%A9antissement%20r%C3%A9troactif

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Although it is commonplace to speak of discharge of a contract by breach, meaning the breach of a condition(or its equivalent), the result of such a breach is not the automatic termination of the contract... The true effect of a breach which may be said to "discharge" the contract is to relieve the innocent party of his obligations to perform under the contract(and to entitle him to sue for damages in respect of his loss...)  3, record 10, English, - discharge%20by%20breach

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

décharge pour cause de violation : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 10, French, - d%C3%A9charge%20pour%20cause%20de%20violation

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An untrue statement of fact made in the honest belief that it is true.  2, record 11, English, - innocent%20misrepresentation

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

This term denotes misrepresentation that is neither fraudulent or negligent.  3, record 11, English, - innocent%20misrepresentation

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

S'entend d'une assertion inexacte, mais ni frauduleuse ni négligente.  2, record 11, French, - assertion%20inexacte%20faite%20innocemment

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 OBS

assertion inexacte faite innocemment : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  3, record 11, French, - assertion%20inexacte%20faite%20innocemment

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A distinction must be made between misrepresentations which are fraudulent and those which are not. A fraudulent misrepresentation is one which is made with knowledge that it is untrue and with the intent to deceive. It may even constitute a term of the contract.... Non-fraudulent misrepresentations have a different effect. At common law only fraud entitles an innocent party to upset his apparent consent and avoid a contract which originally was validly created.  2, record 12, English, - non%2Dfraudulent%20misrepresentation

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

assertion inexacte non frauduleuse : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 12, French, - assertion%20inexacte%20non%20frauduleuse

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... A fundamental breach has been defined as one which destroys "the whole contractual substratum, "as undermining the whole contract, as involving a totally different performance of the contract from that intended by the parties, as involving an event which deprives the innocent party of substantially the whole benefit which that party was to obtain under the contract.  2, record 13, English, - fundamental%20breach

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

violation fondamentale : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 13, French, - violation%20fondamentale

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Before recent developments with respect to exclusion and similar clauses, it might have been said that a clause that purported to exclude liability for breaches of conditions and warranties did not effectively exclude liability for breaches of a fundamental term : whereas a fundamental breach, which might nonetheless have been equated with a breach of condition, albeit no a breach of warranty fell within the ambit of the exclusion clause, so that the innocent party was deprived of any remedy.  2, record 14, English, - breach%20of%20a%20fundamental%20term

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

violation d'une clause fondamentale : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 14, French, - violation%20d%27une%20clause%20fondamentale

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A non-cancerous neoplasm.  4, record 15, English, - benign%20tumor

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... When cells divide without ... a distinct purpose, they form neoplasms, sometimes referred to as tumors. Strictly speaking, a tumor is a swelling caused by any number of conditions, for example, inflammation or trauma. However, the terms "neoplasm" and "tumor" often are used interchangeably.  5, record 15, English, - benign%20tumor

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 2 OBS

8000/0: International Classification of Diseases code.  4, record 15, English, - benign%20tumor

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Tumeur de croissance lente, n'ayant qu'une tendance expansive locale, souvent bien limitée par une capsule nette, ordinairement très différenciée, et ne donnant pas de métastases ni de récidives locales après exérèse correcte.  3, record 15, French, - tumeur%20b%C3%A9nigne

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Une tumeur bénigne ne donne pas de métastases.  4, record 15, French, - tumeur%20b%C3%A9nigne

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Les papillomes, les condylomes, les nævi sont des tumeurs bénignes.  2, record 15, French, - tumeur%20b%C3%A9nigne

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 3 OBS

8000/0 : Code de la Classification internationale des maladies.  4, record 15, French, - tumeur%20b%C3%A9nigne

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

imputed negligence : In some situations, the innocent victim of a concurrent tort, instead of being able to pursue both tortfeasors, may have the negligence of one imputed to him(because of a special relation between them) so as to impair his recovery against the other just as if he had been guilty of contributory negligence himself.  2, record 16, English, - imputed%20negligence

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

négligence imputée : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 16, French, - n%C3%A9gligence%20imput%C3%A9e

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Offences in which it is not open to a person to avoid liability on the ground that she or he acted under a reasonable mistake of fact which, if the facts had been as the accused believed them to be, would have made his act innocent.  2, record 17, English, - absolute%20liability

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Strict liability is distinct from absolute liability. Under absolute liability, only an actus reus is required. With strict liability, an actus reus, unintentional or not is all that is required.  3, record 17, English, - absolute%20liability

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

responsabilité absolue : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 17, French, - responsabilit%C3%A9%20absolue

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A trespass committed either unintentionally or in good faith.  2, record 18, English, - innocent%20trespass

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

intrusion non consciente; atteinte immobilière non consciente : termes normalisés par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 18, French, - intrusion%20non%20consciente

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The various Acts require registration of such agreements if the conditional sales vendor is to retain his common law rights as owner against innocent purchasers of the goods from the buyer under the conditional sales agreement. Registration operates as notice(at least within the same jurisdiction), thereby precluding the innocent third party from relying upon the Sale of Goods and Factors Acts to obtain a good title as against the conditional sales vendor(assuming that those statutes apply to a conditional sales agreement).(Fridman, "Sale of Goods, "2nd ed., 1979, p. 541).  3, record 19, English, - conditional%20sales%20vendor

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The term "vendor" usually designates a person who sells real property. The person who sells goods is usually called a "seller".  4, record 19, English, - conditional%20sales%20vendor

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La forme féminine «venderesse» est en usage dans le langage juridique. La forme féminine «vendeuse» se dit plutôt d'une représentante des ventes dans un établissement.  3, record 19, French, - vendeur%20%C3%A0%20titre%20conditionnel

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 2 OBS

vendeur à titre conditionnel; venderesse à titre conditionnel : termes normalisés par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l’accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  4, record 19, French, - vendeur%20%C3%A0%20titre%20conditionnel

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Where the agent is entirely innocent, this action is the only one available : where he is fraudulent, the plaintiff can sue for deceit or breach of warranty of authority at his option.  1, record 20, English, - breach%20of%20warranty%20of%20authority

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Situation où le mandataire a affirmé avoir l'autorité d'agir au nom du mandant alors qu'il n'en était rien.  2, record 20, French, - violation%20de%20la%20garantie%20d%27habilit%C3%A9

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The aspect of probability in "presume" is foregrounded, for instance, in collocations without a following clause, such as to presume someone is innocent until proven guilty; his presumed father; missing, presumed dead.  2, record 21, English, - presumed

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ce qui est qualifié de présumé [...] découle d’une présomption légale ou légitime – née d’une preuve, d’un acte instrumentaire, d’un aveu, d’une situation factuelle, d’une circonstance aggravante, d’un fait notoire, d’une théorie admise, d’un indice ou d’une contestation ressortant d’une enquête, d’un serment – que l’on peut, certes, combattre par une preuve contraire, mais qui permet au juge de procéder à des inductions ou de former sa conviction. [...] Celui qui est présumé innocent ou présumé coupable est censé tel; on suppose que son innocence est reconnue par l’effet des choses; la culpabilité de l’accusé est donnée comme probable.  2, record 21, French, - pr%C3%A9sum%C3%A9

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[The] swift and immediate deployment of law enforcement resources to an ongoing, life-threatening situation where delayed deployment could result in death or grievous bodily harm to innocent persons.  2, record 22, English, - immediate%20action%20rapid%20deployment

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

IARD has responding patrol officers attempt to make contact and engage the active shooter to minimize death and injury to innocents.  3, record 22, English, - immediate%20action%20rapid%20deployment

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Condonation of a matrimonial offence requires three essential elements, namely :(1) A knowledge by the innocent spouse of the matrimonial offence which has been committed by the other spouse.(2) An intention by the innocent spouse to forgive and remit the offence-an animus remittendi.(3) The reinstatement in his or her marital position of the guilty spouse... There must be both forgiveness of the offence and reinstatement of the erring spouse.  2, record 23, English, - forgiveness

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En contexte de divorce, il s'agit du pardon d'une faute matrimoniale qui contribue à prouver l'absolution ("condonation") de l'époux fautif.  2, record 23, French, - pardon

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 2 OBS

pardon : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 23, French, - pardon

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In marriage, the voluntary pardoning by an innocent spouse of an offense committed by his or her partner conditioned upon the promise that it will not recur.  2, record 24, English, - condonation

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Condonation arises where a divorce petitioner, with knowledge of his or her spouse’s adultery or cruelty, forgives the offence and continues or resumes matrimonial cohabitation with the offending spouse.  3, record 24, English, - condonation

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

«Pardon» est l'équivalent employé dans la Loi sur le divorce, L.R.C. 1985, ch. 3 (2e suppl.) pour exprimer la notion de «condonation». Toutefois, le sens du mot «pardon» est plus proche de la notion juridique de «forgiveness».  3, record 24, French, - absolution

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 2 OBS

absolution : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  3, record 24, French, - absolution

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Condonation of a matrimonial offence requires three essential elements, namely :(1) A knowledge by the innocent spouse of the matrimonial offence which has been committed by the other spouse.(2) An intention by the innocent spouse to forgive and remit the offence-an "animus remittendi. "(3) The reinstatement in his or her marital position of the guilty spouse by the innocent one-the factum of reinstatement. There must be both forgiveness of the offence and reinstatement of the erring spouse.  3, record 25, English, - erring%20spouse

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Époux ayant commis une faute matrimoniale.  2, record 25, French, - %C3%A9poux%20fautif

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

époux fautif; épouse fautive : termes surtout employés en contexte de divorce.  2, record 25, French, - %C3%A9poux%20fautif

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 2 OBS

époux fautif; épouse fautive : termes normalisés par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 25, French, - %C3%A9poux%20fautif

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Condonation of a matrimonial offence requires three essential elements, namely :(1) A knowledge by the innocent spouse of the matrimonial offence which has been committed by the other spouse.(2) An intention by the innocent spouse to forgive and remit the offence-an "animus remittendi. "(3) The reinstatement in his or her marital position of the guilty spouse by the innocent one-the factum of reinstatement.  2, record 26, English, - innocent%20spouse

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

époux non fautif; épouse non fautive : termes normalisés par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 26, French, - %C3%A9poux%20non%20fautif

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... where the third party is misled by the agent's misrepresentation of authority(however innocent), the self-styled agent will be personally liable to the third party.  1, record 27, English, - misrepresentation%20of%20authority

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Whilst there are striking similarities between the common law of England and the US in respect of defamation there are also differences(e. g. under English law, in cases of innocent dissemination, the defendant publisher has to establish his innocence, whereas under American law the plaintiff who has been libelled has to prove that the publisher was not innocent).  2, record 28, English, - innocent%20dissemination

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This does not mean that the repudiating party is free from all liability. It simply means that the innocent party may be freed from his obligations...  1, record 29, English, - innocent%20party

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 DEF

One who enters another’s land unlawfully, but either inadvertently or believing in a right to do so.  1, record 30, English, - innocent%20trespasser

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Right of innocent passage.... Article 14. 1. Subject to the provisions of these articles, ships of all States, whether coastal or not, shall enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea. 2. Passage means navigation through the territorial sea... 4. Passage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal State. Such passage shall take place in conformity with these articles and with other rules of international law.  1, record 31, English, - innocent%20passage

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

passage innocent : Expression employée, notamment quand on parle de droit de passage innocent ou inoffensif, pour désigner le fait par un navire étranger de traverser la mer territoriale d'un État sans rien faire qui porte atteinte aux droits de l'État riverain ou les menace.  2, record 31, French, - droit%20de%20passage%20inoffensif

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Repudiation ... A contracting party’s words or actions that indicate an intention not to perform the contract in the future.  2, record 32, English, - repudiation%20of%20a%20contract

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 2 OBS

A repudiation puts an end to the contract in the sense that it releases the innocent party from the duty of further performance, but it does not abrogate the whole contract-the innocent party can sue for damages.  3, record 32, English, - repudiation%20of%20a%20contract

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Eventually, in opposition to Holmes, scholars began to contend that "worthwhile 'social gain’ is achieved by shifting losses from innocent victims". A new rationale for tort law-loss distribution-was devised to reflect these developments and to spur further growth along these lines. According to this theory, accident losses are no longer shifted from one individual to another. Rather, the costs are transferred to industrial enterprises and insured activities which generate most accidents. These activities do not bear these costs themselves but spread them throughout the community via price increases or insurance premiums.  1, record 33, English, - loss%20distribution

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Contrairement à la théorie de Holmes, les juristes en sont venus peu à peu à soutenir que "le fait de déplacer le fardeau du préjudice subi par une victime innocent procure sans contredit des 'avantages sociaux' notables". Une nouvelle théorie du droit de la responsabilité délictuelle - l'étalement des pertes - fut mise au point pour tenir compte de cette évolution et pour encourager de nouveaux développement dans cette voie.  2, record 33, French, - r%C3%A9partition%20des%20pertes

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A breach of contract, no matter what form it may take, always entitles the innocent party to maintain an action for damages, but the rule established by a long line of authorities is that the right of a party to treat a contract as discharged arises only in two types of case. Firstly, where the party in default has repudiated the contract before performance is due or before it has been fully performed. Secondly, where the party in default has committed what in modern judicial parlance is called a fundamental breach.  3, record 34, English, - defaulter

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Parte que falta a sus obligaciones.  1, record 34, Spanish, - parte%20incumpliente

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... an anticipatory breach of such a term might be treated by the innocent party as repudiation by the contract breaker.  1, record 35, English, - contract%20breaker

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The double jeopardy concept is a principle of general application which is expressed in the form of more specific rules, such as the plea of autrefois acquit, issue estoppel and the Kienapple principle. Despite their common origin, these principles differ in the way they are applied.  3, record 36, English, - double%20jeopardy%20concept

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The concept of double jeopardy has an almost iconic quality and it's one of the few protections that many lay-persons are familiar with : once you are charged for a crime once and found innocent then the government can’t try you again…or at least that's how it's supposed to work, right?  2, record 36, English, - double%20jeopardy%20concept

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le concept de double péril est un principe d'application générale qui s'exprime par des règles plus particulières, comme le plaidoyer d'autrefois acquit, la chose jugée comme fin de non-recevoir (issue estoppel) et le principe de l'arrêt Kienapple. Malgré leur origine commune, chacun de ces principes diffère dans leurs détails d'application.  2, record 36, French, - concept%20de%20double%20p%C3%A9ril

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 2 CONT

[...] «double jeopardy concept», expression traduite dans une décision de la Cour suprême du Canada par (concept de double péril) est fondamental dans le système de justice pénale au Canada. Il a pour objet d’empêcher que la poursuite tente à plusieurs reprises et par tous les moyens de faire déclarer une personne coupable de la même infraction, l’exposant ainsi à un harcèlement injustifié.  3, record 36, French, - concept%20de%20double%20p%C3%A9ril

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 37,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The breach of good faith in the performance of an insurance contract was also accepted as giving rise to significant punitive damages in Whiten v. Pilot Insurance Co.  1, record 37, English, - breach%20of%20good%20faith

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 2 CONT

“Innocent violation” means an Improper Activity committed by a Respondent who did not know and who could not reasonably be expected to know of its impropriety, except where the law explicitly provides otherwise.  2, record 37, English, - breach%20of%20good%20faith

Record 37,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 CONT

«Violation de bonne foi» s’entend d’un acte répréhensible commis par un intimé qui en ignorait la nature répréhensible et ne pouvait être raisonnablement censé la connaître, sauf en vertu de dispositions juridiques explicitement contraires.  1, record 37, French, - violation%20de%20bonne%20foi

Record 37,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 38,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This antiquated law is convicting innocent people, and consequently has no place in a self-proclaimed civilized society. It is also routinely abused by both the courts and the police to charge and convict.  1, record 38, English, - antiquated%20law

Record 38,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Craignant que les francophones du pays soient victimes d’une «loi désuète», la sénatrice libérale Maria Chaput revient à la charge. La parlementaire franco-manitobaine a déposé hier au sénat un projet de loi qui modifierait la Loi sur les langues officielles.  1, record 38, French, - loi%20d%C3%A9su%C3%A8te

Record 38,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 39,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Alain Parisien of Ottawa claims that OC Transpo failed to accommodate his disability by not offering him a rehabilitation program and by terminating his employment, citing chronic innocent absenteeism.  2, record 39, English, - chronic%20innocent%20absenteeism

Record 39,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le motif de l'absentéisme pour déficience est-il discriminatoire ou s'agit-il de l'application de la théorie de l'absentéisme involontaire chronique?  2, record 39, French, - absent%C3%A9isme%20involontaire%20chronique

Record 39,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 40,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 DEF

To relieve, to exculpate, to find no fault, to find innocent of any wrongdoing.(Canadian Law Dictionary, 1980, p. 141)  1, record 40, English, - exonerate

Record 40,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 OBS

exonérer : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 40, French, - exon%C3%A9rer

Record 40,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 41,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Apparent ownership derived from conduct or words. Theory of "ostensible ownership" estops an owner of property who clothes another with apparent title from later asserting his title against an innocent third party who has been induced to deal with apparent owner(Black, 6th, p. 1100).  1, record 41, English, - ostensible%20ownership

Record 41,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 OBS

propriété ostensible : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 41, French, - propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20ostensible

Record 41,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 42,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Innocent conveyances, a covenant to stand seised, a bargain and sale, and a release, so called because, since they conveyed the actual possession by construction of law only, they did not confer a larger estate in property than the person conveying possessed, and therefore, if a greater estate was conveyed by these deeds than a person had, they were only void "pro tanto" for the excess. But a feoffment of such larger estate was a tortious conveyance, and therefore, under such circumstances, would have been void altogether, and produce a forfeiture. But the "Real Property Act", 1845, s. 4, provided that a feoffment should not have any tortious operation; it therefore became an innocent conveyance.(Jowitt, p. 978)  1, record 42, English, - innocent%20conveyance

Record 42,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 OBS

transport non préjudiciable : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 42, French, - transport%20non%20pr%C3%A9judiciable

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Acception technique.  1, record 42, French, - transport%20non%20pr%C3%A9judiciable

Record 42,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 43,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 CONT

At common law we shall see that the doctrine of apparent ownership, subsequently adopted in the Sale of Goods Act 1893, permits an innocent third party in certain circumstances to acquire a good title in property which the agent had no authority to transfer.(Markesinis, p. 141-142)  1, record 43, English, - doctrine%20of%20apparent%20ownership

Record 43,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 OBS

doctrine de la propriété apparente : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 43, French, - doctrine%20de%20la%20propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20apparente

Record 43,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 44,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 DEF

One who in good faith acquires legal title to property by paying valuable consideration and has no notice of third party claims. (Yogis, 1983, p. 29).  1, record 44, English, - bona%20fide%20purchaser

Record 44,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

acquéreur de bonne foi : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 44, French, - acqu%C3%A9reur%20de%20bonne%20foi

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 2 OBS

L'équivalent «acheteur de bonne foi» est aussi acceptable en contexte.  1, record 44, French, - acqu%C3%A9reur%20de%20bonne%20foi

Record 44,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 45,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 DEF

One who purchases real property without notice, actual or constructive, of any superior rights or interests in the property. The state recording statutes are designed to protect an innocent purchaser for value from the secret claims of a prior purchaser.(Reilly, 2nd, p. 243)  1, record 45, English, - bona%20fide%20purchaser%20for%20valuable%20consideration

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 CONT

If a person who has notice (except in the case of a charity) sells to another who has no notice, and is a "bona fide" purchaser for valuable consideration, the latter may protect his title, although it was affected with the equity arising from notice in the hands of the person from whom he derived it ... (Jowitt, 2nd ed., 1977, pp. 1253-1254).  1, record 45, English, - bona%20fide%20purchaser%20for%20valuable%20consideration

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Under the Law of Property Act 1925 the word [purchaser] means a purchaser in good faith for valuable consideration, and includes a lessee, mortgagee, or other person who for valuable consideration acquires an interest in property... (Mozley and Whiteley, 10th, p. 370-371)  1, record 45, English, - bona%20fide%20purchaser%20for%20valuable%20consideration

Record 45,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 OBS

acquéreur de bonne foi et à titre onéreux : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 45, French, - acqu%C3%A9reur%20de%20bonne%20foi%20et%20%C3%A0%20titre%20on%C3%A9reux

Record 45,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 46,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 CONT

At one time arbitrary consecration of tithes was allowed, —that is, payment to any priest at the will of the tithe-payer. This was forbidden by a decretal epistle of Innocent HI., about 1200.  2, record 46, English, - arbitrary%20consecration%20of%20tithes

Record 46,  Textual support,  French

Record 46,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 47,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... whether necessity could ever justify personal injury.... It could be, however, that one who is threatened with very serious injury may subject an innocent stranger to slight harm, disproportionately smaller than any from which he is trying to escape.  3, record 47, English, - slight%20harm

Record 47,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 OBS

dommage sans gravité; préjudice sans gravité : termes normalisés par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 47, French, - dommage%20sans%20gravit%C3%A9

Record 47,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 48,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Nor may a policeman, in discharging his duty to apprehend felons, ignore entirely the safety of innocent persons, though he is apparently justified to resort to measures, even the use of firearms. Which involve some risk of injury to bystanders but are no more than reasonably necessary to effect his purpose.  2, record 48, English, - risk%20of%20loss

Record 48,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 OBS

risque de dommage; risque de préjudice : termes normalisés par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 48, French, - risque%20de%20dommage

Record 48,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 49,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A defendant may be excused from intentional tort liability if he acts under necessity. The defence of necessity differs from self-defence in that the person whose interest is being sacrificed is innocent of any responsibility for the creation of the danger. In necessity cases, the threat emanates from some external source, whereas in self-defence the person whose interest is being infringed is a wrong-doer himself.  2, record 49, English, - defence%20of%20necessity

Record 49,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un défendeur peut être exonéré de responsabilité délictuelle intentionnelle s'il agit par nécessité. Le moyen de défense de nécessité se distingue de celui de légitime défense en ce que la personne dont les droits sont sacrifiés n'est nullement responsable du danger. Dans les cas où il y a nécessité, la menace vient d'une source extérieure alors que dans les cas de légitime défense, la personne dont les droits sont écartés est elle-même l'auteur du délit.  2, record 49, French, - d%C3%A9fense%20de%20n%C3%A9cessit%C3%A9

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 OBS

défense de nécessité : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  3, record 49, French, - d%C3%A9fense%20de%20n%C3%A9cessit%C3%A9

Record 49,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 50,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A marriage in which either the husband or the wife believes in good faith that the two are married, but for some technical reason they are not formally married (as when the ceremonial official was not authorized to perform a marriage.)  2, record 50, English, - putative%20marriage

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A putative marriage is typically treated as valid to protect the innocent spouse.  2, record 50, English, - putative%20marriage

Record 50,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Mariage qui, même frappé de nullité, produit ses effets en faveur des époux qui étaient de bonne foi.  2, record 50, French, - mariage%20putatif

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 OBS

mariage putatif : Seront de bonne foi les époux qui ignoraient, par exemple, l'existence d'un empêchement à leur mariage, les époux qui croyaient le fonctionnaire compétent à célébrer le mariage alors qu'il ne l'était pas.  3, record 50, French, - mariage%20putatif

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 2 OBS

mariage putatif : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  4, record 50, French, - mariage%20putatif

Record 50,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 51,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Coerced-compliant false confessions occur when a person falsely confesses to a crime for some immediate gain and in spite of the conscious knowledge that he or she is actually innocent of the crime...  2, record 51, English, - coerced%2Dcompliant%20false%20confession

Record 51,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les fausses confessions induites par coercition constituent le type le plus répandu de fausses confessions. Ces confessions sont habituellement le fruit de menaces ou de promesses qui convainquent le suspect que, malgré les conséquences que sa décision pourrait avoir à long terme, il est dans son intérêt, à court et à moyen terme, de faire une confession.  1, record 51, French, - fausse%20confession%20induite%20par%20coercition

Record 51,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 52,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A third kind of false confession is the non-coerced-persuaded confession. In this scenario, police tactics cause the innocent person to “become confused, doubt his memory, be temporarily persuaded of his guilt and confess to a crime he did not commit”  1, record 52, English, - non%2Dcoerced%2Dpersuaded%20false%20confession

Record 52,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le troisième type de fausses confessions est la fausse confession induite par persuasion sans coercition. Dans ce scénario, les tactiques policières utilisées ont pour effet d’amener la personne innocente à [traduction] «devenir confuse, à douter de sa mémoire, à être temporairement persuadée de sa culpabilité et à confesser un crime qu’elle n’a pas commis»:  1, record 52, French, - fausse%20confession%20induite%20par%20persuasion%20sans%20coercition

Record 52,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 53,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 53, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A continuous blowing, singing, or humming murmur heard on auscultation over the right jugular vein in the sitting or erect position; it is an innocent sign that is obliterated on assumption of the recumbent position or on exerting pressure over the vein.  1, record 53, English, - venous%20hum

Record 53,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 53, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[Le] souffle veineux bénin [est un souffle continue] lié à la turbulence du sang veineux systémique sur les axes de drainage jugulaire interne - veine cave supérieure -, très fréquent : le plus souvent maximal le long du bord droit du sternum haut, augmenté en position assise, diminué en position couchée, aboli par la compression jugulaire modérée ou par la rotation de la tête.  1, record 53, French, - souffle%20veineux

Record 53,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 53, Textual support number: 1 DEF

El que se escucha sobre una vena.  2, record 53, Spanish, - soplo%20venoso

Record 54,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 CONT

At one time bent on discouraging actions for slander, courts insisted that oral words be interpreted in their most favourable sense and that the plaintiff negative any innocent meaning they might bear... all expressions however published now fall to be scrutinized for any damaging meaning that would be put on them by "ordinary sensible men"....  2, record 54, English, - ordinary%20sensible%20person

Record 54,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Que la tortue ait accepté d'affronter le lièvre à la course, n'était-ce pas un défi au bon sens? Toutes les personnes de bon sens n'eussent-elles pas parié pour le lièvre? Mais ceci nous renseigne aussi que les personnes de bon sens ne parient jamais.  2, record 54, French, - personne%20de%20bon%20sens

Record 54,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 55,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Any person charged with an offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law.  1, record 55, English, - be%20presumed%20innocent%20until%20proven%20guilty

Record 55,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Tout inculpé a le droit d'être présumé innocent tant qu'il n'est pas déclaré coupable, conformément à la loi.  1, record 55, French, - %C3%AAtre%20pr%C3%A9sum%C3%A9%20innocent%20tant%20qu%27il%20n%27est%20pas%20d%C3%A9clar%C3%A9%20coupable

Record 55,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 56,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 56, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Innocent absenteeism. Generally arbitrators are reluctant to sustain the termination of a person's employment on the basis of an absenteeism record which, though checkered, is bona fide.  1, record 56, English, - innocent%20absenteeism

Record 56,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 56, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Équivalence proposée par analogie avec l'absence involontaire dont parle Dion dans son Dictionnaire des relations du travail.  1, record 56, French, - absent%C3%A9isme%20involontaire

Record 56,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 57,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 57, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The test (for fair comment) is not whether reasonable men might disagree with the comment, but whether they might reasonably regard the opinion as one that no fair-minded man could have formed or expressed.  3, record 57, English, - fair%2Dminded

Record 57,  Textual support,  French

Record 57,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 58,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 58, Textual support number: 1 DEF

One of the most ancient forms of trial in England that required the accused person to submit to a dangerous or painful test on the theory that God would intervene and disclose his or her guilt or innocence.  3, record 58, English, - ordeal

Record number: 58, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Trial by ordeal is a judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting them to a painful task. In some cases, the accused was considered innocent if they survived the test, or if their injuries healed; in others, only death was considered proof of innocence.(If the accused died, they were often presumed to have gone to a suitable reward or punishment in the afterlife, which was considered to make trial by ordeal entirely fair).  4, record 58, English, - ordeal

Record 58,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 58, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ordalie : épreuve judiciaire moyenâgeuse qui faisait appel aux éléments de la nature pour prononcer le verdict. Le jugement de Dieu par l'eau, le feu.  3, record 58, French, - ordalie

Record number: 58, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Historiquement, épreuves judiciaires : épreuves auxquelles on soumettait des accusés, des adversaires, en faisant appel à l'intervention de Dieu pour désigner le coupable ou trancher une contestation.  4, record 58, French, - ordalie

Record 58,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 58, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Prueba ritual usada en la antigüedad para establecer la certeza, principalmente con fines jurídicos, y una de cuyas formas es el juicio de Dios.  1, record 58, Spanish, - ordal%C3%ADa

Record 59,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 59, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[A]n ancient mode of trial, in which the test was the ability of the accused to handle or tread upon red-hot irons.  4, record 59, English, - ordeal%20by%20fire

Record number: 59, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The ordeal by fire—walking through fire or putting the hand into a flame—was common, and there were other fiery ordeals, such as walking on hot plowshares or plunging the hand into molten metal. Usually it was believed that if the accused were innocent God would spare him  4, record 59, English, - ordeal%20by%20fire

Record 59,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 59, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Au Moyen Âge, il existait plusieurs moyens de déterminer avec une exactitude sans faille qui était coupable de quelque chose. Parmi eux, il y avait les combats. Par la force divine, le vaincu n'était jamais simplement le plus faible, c'était obligatoirement le fautif. Et il y avait aussi l'épreuve du feu. Elle consistait soit à saisir puis garder un moment en main une barre de fer rougie au feu, soit à mettre la main dans un gant métallique également rougi au feu. Quelle que soit la méthode, grâce à l'intervention divine, celui dont la main guérissait en moins de trois jours était déclaré innocent de ce dont on l'accusait.  3, record 59, French, - %C3%A9preuve%20du%20feu

Record 59,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 60,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 60, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An ancient form of trial, now abolished, by which the accused, tied band and foot, were cast into cold water, and if they did not sink they were deemed innocent or they were compelled to plunge their limbs into hot water, and if they came out unhurt they were considered innocent.  2, record 60, English, - ordeal%20by%20water

Record number: 60, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The ordeal of water was performed by casting the suspect into a pond or river. If the suspect floated to the surface without any action of swimming, she was deemed guilty. If the suspect sank, she was pulled out and pronounced innocent.  4, record 60, English, - ordeal%20by%20water