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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[A zone of strong] winds, caused by rapidly descending cool, dry air in contact with warm, moist air.  3, record 1, English, - sting%20jet

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... what makes some extratropical cyclones produce catastrophically damaging winds.... [Keith Browning and Pete Clark] have identified a mesoscale flow which they call the Sting Jet. It originates in the cloud head of a rapidly deepening cyclone and gathers speed as it descends towards the tip of the cloud head when it begins to hook around the cyclone centre... The Sting Jet was first identified observationally from a reanalysis of the Great Storm of October 1987 where the damaging winds were shown to be emanating from the evaporating tip of the hooked cloud head. It has since been reproduced in high-resolution runs with the mesoscale version of the Unified Model. The Sting Jet is distinct from the usual strong-wind region associated with the warm conveyor belt and main cold front. There are indications that conditional symmetric instability and evaporation both play a role in its formation but the importance of these processes remains to be quantified.  4, record 1, English, - sting%20jet

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Sting jets occur in cyclones when there is a dramatic fall in the barometric pressure. ... The sting jet is born at an altitude of three miles, within layers of ascending moist air. As the jet descends, it passes through ice crystals that cool it, increase its density and cause it to accelerate to more than 100 mph at ground level.  5, record 1, English, - sting%20jet

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... Keith Browning, Peter Clark, and Tim Hewson coined the word, based upon the scorpion-tail-like shape of the weather formation when viewed from above.  3, record 1, English, - sting%20jet

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Zone de vent très fort et turbulent près de la surface, marquée par un renforcement du gradient de pression, qui se forme juste à l'arrière et au sud d'un minimum dépressionnaire des latitudes tempérées dans un système actif en phase de développement rapide. [Définition proposée par un météorologue de Météo-France.]  1, record 1, French, - courant%2Djet%20d%27occlusion

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Cette zone de vent très fort résulterait d'une interaction complexe entre des processus dynamiques et microphysiques à l'extrémité nord-ouest du système nuageux alors qu'il boucle vers le sud-est pour revenir vers le centre de la dépression («retour d'est»). [Commentaire d'un météorologue de Météo-France.]  1, record 1, French, - courant%2Djet%20d%27occlusion

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Le «retour d'Est» a des conséquences précises suite à l'interaction du jet avec la topographie de certaines régions d'Europe, ainsi les conséquences seront différentes d'une région à l'autre (même à l'intérieur d'un continent); toutefois, la configuration générale des dépressions et des circulations atmosphériques qui leur sont associées étant similaires dans toutes les latitudes moyennes de l'hémisphère Nord, la notion de retour d'Est devrait aussi s'appliquer au Canada. [Philippe-Alain Bergeron, météorologue, Environnement Canada.]  2, record 1, French, - courant%2Djet%20d%27occlusion

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 3 OBS

occlusion : zone nuageuse et pluvieuse caractérisée par le rejet en altitude de l'air chaud d'une perturbation. Cette limite de masses d'air résulte de la jonction du front chaud et du front froid d'une même perturbation (front chaud rattrapé par le front froid), ce qui donne naissance à une zone nuageuse et à des précipitations, assez intenses près du centre de la dépression associée, et de moins en moins marquées dans la partie la plus éloignée.  2, record 1, French, - courant%2Djet%20d%27occlusion

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 4 OBS

jet d'occlusion : type de courant-jet de basses couches.  2, record 1, French, - courant%2Djet%20d%27occlusion

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 5 OBS

courants-jets de basses couches; jets de basses couches : [...] zones de vent très fort qui naissent parfois dans les couches de l'atmosphère proches du sol [...]  2, record 1, French, - courant%2Djet%20d%27occlusion

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 6 OBS

courant-jet d'occlusion; jet d'occlusion : termes descriptifs, proposés par des météorologues d'Environnement Canada et de Météo-France.  1, record 1, French, - courant%2Djet%20d%27occlusion

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 7 OBS

courant-jet de basses couches : terme plus général, proposé par des météorologues d'Environnement Canada et de Météo-France.  1, record 1, French, - courant%2Djet%20d%27occlusion

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Kelvin-Helmholtz wave clouds are formed when there are two parallel layers of air that are usually moving at different speeds and in opposite directions. The upper layer of air usually moves faster than the lower layer because there is less friction. In order for us to see this shear layer, there must be enough water vapor in the air for a cloud to form. Even if clouds are not present to reveal the shear layer, pilots need to be aware of invisible atmospheric phenomenon. ... The Kelvin-Helmholtz wave cloud does not last very long because the upper layer of air is usually drier than the lower layer, which results in evaporation of the cloud.  3, record 2, English, - Kelvin%2DHelmholtz%20wave%20cloud

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Cattails below and Kelvin-Helmholtz wave clouds above - the clouds are formed by wind shear and any planes flying nearby would likely feel a few moderate bumps of turbulence.  4, record 2, English, - Kelvin%2DHelmholtz%20wave%20cloud

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Another "specialty" cloud is one that can develop due to Kelvin-Helmholtz(K-H) instability waves and subharmonic resonance with other waves in the atmosphere. This can result in an intertwined or spiral cloud pattern... K-H clouds that form in early stages can resemble well-organized waves that appear to be breaking like ocean waves.  2, record 2, English, - Kelvin%2DHelmholtz%20wave%20cloud

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[...] l'élément intéressant sur cette photo, c'est ce petit cortège de nuages «dédoublés» [...] La forme allongée et plus ou moins enroulée de leur sommet, telle de petites vagues déferlant, est la conséquence d'une différence importante de la force du vent entre deux altitudes très proches. Ainsi les têtes tendent à se détacher des bases, soufflées par un vent plus fort, tout en s'enroulant sur elles-mêmes. Ce phénomène [est] appelé ondes de Kelvin-Helmholtz [...]  2, record 2, French, - nuage%20form%C3%A9%20par%20l%27effet%20des%20ondes%20de%20Kelvin%2DHelmholtz

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cloud system, usually not associated with a depression, and the formation of which is largely caused by convection and instability effects.  4, record 3, English, - thundery%20cloud%20system

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Active thundery systems - probably in 3 waves - bring heavy rain and some flash flooding esp. in the south. Tropical storm remnants or after-effects are expected in this period.  2, record 3, English, - thundery%20cloud%20system

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Système nuageux, habituellement non associé à une dépression caractérisée, et dont la formation est due pour une large part aux phénomènes de convection et d'instabilité.  2, record 3, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20orageux

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le système nuageux orageux [...] se manifeste principalement au printemps et en été lorsque de l'air humide, d'origine maritime, stagne dans une zone à faible gradient barométrique. L'air se réchauffe alors, de jour, par l'intermédiaire du sol déclenchant, dans certaines conditions de profil thermique de l'atmosphère, de puissants mouvements convectifs générateurs de cumulonimbus orageux qui se développent alors de façon aléatoire dans un vaste secteur, par exemple la moitié sud de la France.  3, record 3, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20orageux

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Sistema nuboso formado no asociado a una depresión caracterizada y cuya formación se debe en gran parte a fenómenos de convección e inestabilidad.  1, record 3, Spanish, - sistema%20nuboso%20de%20tormenta

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An issue of considerable interest is the so-called multicellular thunderstorm system, as opposed to supercells, which are often presumed to be unicellular. A form of multicellular convection that has already been simulated extensively is the squall line. The typical method for simulating this form of deep line-oriented convection has been to release a number of laterally-aligned IB’s. After the initial storms develop, their outflows merge, producing a line of convection resembling a squall line. Squall lines are not the only type of multicellular convection observed, however. In isolated multicell storms, a succession of updrafts is typical.  1, record 4, English, - multicellular%20thunderstorm%20system

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Thunderstorms are often classified into a spectrum based on their cell structure : single cells, multicellular storms, and supercells. The type of storm depends on the instability and relative wind conditions at different layers of the atmosphere(shear). The "single-cell"(unicell) thunderstorm is [a] three-stage situation... usually lasting about 30 minutes from the start of significant precipitation. A severe unicell storm is often referred to as a pulse thunderstorm.... In a multicell thunderstorm, several thunderstorm cells merge into a larger system. The cloud becomes divided into updraft and downdraft regions separated by a gust front. The gust front may extend for several miles ahead of the storm, bringing with it increases in wind speed and atmospheric pressure, decreases in temperature, and shifts in wind direction. The storm itself will have different portions sequentually going through the various thunderstorm stages. In many cases the immature cells develop along a line known as a "flanking line, "resulting in what is known as a line multicell.  6, record 4, English, - multicellular%20thunderstorm%20system

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

storm system: Often refers to "thunderstorm system" (in French: "système orageux"), which is a frequent type of storm system but not the only one; an elliptic form which can be used when there is no risk of ambiguity.  3, record 4, English, - multicellular%20thunderstorm%20system

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish