TERMIUM Plus^®

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Laser force microscope senses topography by moving a tungsten or silicon probe across a sample(typically a microelectronic component) at a height of a few nanometers. The tip is set vibrating at close to its resonance frequency. Attractive forces... called van der Waals attractions and the surface tension of water that condenses between tip and sample, pull on the tip, changing its resonance frequency and so reducing its vibration amplitude. The variation in the forces, and hence in tip travel, reveals surface relief. A laser probe tracks the tip by means of a beam that is split into two. One of the beams is reflected through a stationary prism; the other passes through a Bragg cell--a device that shifts the beam's frequency--and is reflected from the back of the probe. The beams are recombined, and their interference produces a signal(at the Bragg-cell frequency) that measures the tip vibration.  1, record 1, English, - laser%20force%20microscope

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Scanning laser force microscope.  2, record 1, English, - laser%20force%20microscope

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

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Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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Their semiautomated LMM(laser microbeam microdissection) technique uses a pulsed nitrogen laser to circumscribe single cells or cell clusters of interest located in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Increasing the intensity of the focused beam results in the physical ejection or "catapulting" of the circumscribed cells away from the surrounding tissue onto a cap of a microfuge tube-a phenomenon known as laser pressure catapulting(LPC). Contamination by surrounding cell(s) can be processed using reverse transcriptase(RT)-PCR to examine patterns of gene expression.  1, record 2, English, - laser%20pressure%20catapulting

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Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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Pioneered at Los Alamos National Laboratory(LANL), flow sorting employs flow cytometry to separate, according to size, chromosome isolated from cells during cell division when they are condensed and stable. As the chromosome flow singly past a laser beam, they are differentiated by analyzing the amount of DNA present, and individual chromosomes are directed to specific collection tubes.  1, record 3, English, - flow%20sorting

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[La séparation des chromosomes par cytofluorométrie de flux] consiste à appliquer aux chromosomes le procédé de séparation initialement élaboré pour séparer les cellules en fonction de différences d'intensité d'un signal fluorescent. Mis en présence du colorant du DNA, les chromosomes deviennent des objets fluorescents lorsqu'ils sont frappés par un rayon laser. Le signal est d'autant plus intense que le chromosome est plus grand et il est possible d'imposer à l'appareil la consigne de trier les chromosomes en fonction de la fluorescence émise.  1, record 3, French, - s%C3%A9paration%20des%20chromosomes%20par%20cytofluorom%C3%A9trie%20de%20flux

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Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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Thus the combination of the cosine sensor and the laser beam in this cell is a version of the integrating nephelometer, which is essentially the optical reciprocal of the one built by Charlson et al.  1, record 4, English, - cosine%20sensor

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Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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DIDO Experiment Container is essentially a box with a side length of 150 mm. Design philosophy of DIDO experiment foreseen an "all inside" approach, so(at this moment) the experiment container is a mere box with no windows or openings, or relevant external features. DIDO EC is intended as a structural part for the inside experiment; only mechanical, electrical and data interfaces are required to connect DIDO EC with GLAD facility. The box is assembled as one piece but the topside is removable to have access to DIDO experiment. In this way the topside component works as a cover plate. The EC is made by(TBD) material and to meet safety requirements EC' s corners are slightly rounded, materials must not be flammable and machined with non-toxic surface treatment. Cover plate is connected with the box through screws. The bottom side, instead, compose the "first plate" of DIDO experiment, housing tanks and pumping system. Another plate placed about half height provides a "second plate" for DIDO cell and relative optics, laser unit and CCD camera.  1, record 5, English, - DIDO%20experiment%20container

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Objectives of the experiment DIDO ... is the measurement of diffusion coefficients in a three-component solution. It’s impossible to carry out these measurements on Earth because in a diffusion boundary, when the transport is promoted by at least two independent driving forces, convention instabilities may arise, called "fingers" and "overstability."  1, record 5, English, - DIDO%20experiment%20container

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DIDO experiment container: term officially approved by the International Space Station official approval Group (ISSOAG).  2, record 5, English, - DIDO%20experiment%20container

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contenant expérimental DIDO : terme uniformisé par le Groupe de travail de la terminologie de la Station spatiale internationale (GTTSSI).  1, record 5, French, - contenant%20exp%C3%A9rimental%20DIDO

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Record 6,  Textual support,  English

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Electromagnetically induced transparency in a sodium vapour cell.... In our experiment, sodium atoms are excited on the D_1-line with laser radiation containing two components with a frequency difference close to that of the two hyperfine ground states of sodium(1. 772 GHz). Such an excitation leads to coherent trapping of atomic population in "dark" superpositional states, which dramatically reduces the absorption of light.  3, record 6, English, - vapour%20cell

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

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GOLF [Global Oscillations at Low Frequencies] est un spectromètre à résonance, constitué d'une cellule à vapeur de sodium placée dans un champ magnétique modulé. Le phénomène de résonance concerne l'absorption et l'émission des photons solaires sélectionnés dans la bande de longueur d'onde des raies d'absorption du sodium.  2, record 6, French, - cellule%20%C3%A0%20vapeur

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Record 7,  Textual support,  English

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The laser gyro need not be mechanically dithered. The same result may be achieved by optical devices. A Faraday cell is a piece of crystal, which changes the phase of a light wave traveling through it as a function of an applied magnetic field. The effect is nonreciprocal. A light beam traveling in one direction is advanced in phase, while a light beam traveling in the other direction is retarded in phase. Reversing the magnetic field reverses the effect. Changing the phase of the light beam has the same effect on frequency as changing the path length. This scheme eliminates the vibration problem, but retains the random walk angular position error.  2, record 7, English, - random%20walk

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

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Gyrolaser [...] Le blocage de fréquence immobilise l'onde stationnaire; il résulte d'une interaction (transfert d'énergie thermique) entre les 2 ondes lumineuses : c'est la conséquence de minimes imperfections des miroirs du gyroscope qui diffusent une faible partie de la lumière incidente en sens opposé à la trajectoire initiale. («cheminement aléatoire» = random walk) On ajoute un vibreur qui garde la cavité en mouvement; la vibration des miroirs permet d'éliminer ce seuil.  1, record 7, French, - cheminement%20al%C3%A9atoire

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[...] si le rayon de Larmor de la particule est tel qu'il existe des valeurs de l'angle pour lesquelles la relation (3.16) est vérifiée, la particule subira alors une déflection qui fera varier son angle d'attaque, entraînant du même coup une déviation de sa trajectoire originelle. Le processus alors engagé amènera la particule à rencontrer d'autres résonances qui entraîneront alors une marche au hasard pour la particule. Cette marche au hasard est la base du processus diffusif qui veut qu'une particule perde rapidement le souvenir de sa trajectoire initiale. L'exemple présenté ici est évidemment simpliste (la relation 3.16 n'est pas [toujours valide]). Néanmoins, dans le cas des champs magnétiques chaotiques à trois dimensions, l'idée de résonance reste. Ainsi, il faudra que la particule suive une relation similaire à (3.16) pour qu'elle rencontre des résonances avec le chaos. Si le rayon de Larmor d'une particule est très inférieur (ou supérieur) à la plus petite longueur d'onde du champ chaotique, elle ne subira pas d'effets de diffusion spatiale ou angulaire.  3, record 7, French, - cheminement%20al%C3%A9atoire

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Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The laser gyro need not be mechanically dithered. The same result may be achieved by optical devices. A Faraday cell is a piece of crystal, which changes the phase of a light wave traveling through it as a function of an applied magnetic field. The effect is nonreciprocal. A light beam traveling in one direction is advanced in phase, while a light beam traveling in the other direction is retarded in phase. Reversing the magnetic field reverses the effect. Changing the phase of the light beam has the same effect on frequency as changing the path length. This scheme eliminates the vibration problem, but retains the random walk angular position error.  1, record 8, English, - random%20walk%20angular%20position%20error

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Gyrolaser [...] Le blocage de fréquence immobilise l'onde stationnaire; il résulte d'une interaction (transfert d'énergie thermique) entre les 2 ondes lumineuses : c'est la conséquence de minimes imperfections des miroirs du gyroscope qui diffusent une faible partie de la lumière incidente en sens opposé à la trajectoire initiale. («cheminement aléatoire» = random walk) On ajoute un vibreur qui garde la cavité en mouvement; la vibration des miroirs permet d'éliminer ce seuil.  2, record 8, French, - erreur%20de%20position%20angulaire%20due%20au%20cheminement%20al%C3%A9atoire

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Record 9,  Textual support,  English

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The availability of additional laser methods such as optical trapping(immobilizing and moving cells or organelles with a focused beam of light), optiporation(permeabilization of the cell membrane with light), optical fusion(inducting cells or vesicles for fuse with light), and optical ablation(optically incinerating cells or subcellular structures) provides an ever-increasing armory of optical tools for new and exciting investigations that depend upon macromanipulation of single cells and contaminant-free isolation of these cells from tissue slices or tissue culture.  1, record 9, English, - optiporation

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

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Perméabilisation de la membrane cellulaire à l'aide du rayon laser.  1, record 9, French, - perm%C3%A9abilisation%20optique

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Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The availability of additional laser methods such as optical trapping(immobilizing and moving cells or organelles with a focused beam of light), optiporation(permeabilization of the cell membrane with light), optical fusion(inducting cells or vesicles for fuse with light), and optical ablation(optically incinerating cells or subcellular structures) provides an ever-increasing armory of optical tools for new and exciting investigations that depend upon macromanipulation of single cells and contaminant-free isolation of these cells from tissue slices or tissue culture.  1, record 10, English, - optical%20trapping

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

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Il est souvent délicat de contrôler avec précision la position de l'objet étudié en raison de sa taille et de sa fragilité. Cela devient plus délicat encore lorsqu'il s'agit d'approcher deux objets initialement séparés afin de les amener au contact. Pour réaliser de telles expériences, nous développons des outils spécifiques de manipulation : le piégeage optique par faisceaux laser et la micromanipulation mécanique. Le piégeage optique utilise la pression de radiation exercée par un ou deux faisceaux laser focalisés. On peut ainsi manipuler sans contact des objets de quelques microns. Nous utilisons cette technique pour mettre en contact une particule solide avec une vésicule géante.  1, record 10, French, - pi%C3%A9geage%20optique

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Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The availability of additional laser methods such as optical trapping(immobilizing and moving cells or organelles with a focused beam of light), optiporation(permeabilization of the cell membrane with light), optical fusion(inducting cells or vesicles for fuse with light), and optical ablation(optically incinerating cells or subcellular structures) provides an ever-increasing armory of optical tools for new and exciting investigations that depend upon macromanipulation of single cells and contaminant-free isolation of these cells from tissue slices or tissue culture.  1, record 11, English, - optical%20ablation

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ablation cellulaire par rayon laser.  1, record 11, French, - ablation%20optique

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Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The availability of additional laser methods such as optical trapping(immobilizing and moving cells or organelles with a focused beam of light), optiporation(permeabilization of the cell membrane with light), optical fusion(inducting cells or vesicles for fuse with light), and optical ablation(optically incinerating cells or subcellular structures) provides an ever-increasing armory of optical tools for new and exciting investigations that depend upon macromanipulation of single cells and contaminant-free isolation of these cells from tissue slices or tissue culture.  1, record 12, English, - optical%20fusion

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

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Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Optoacoustic detector. Light which is absorbed by a molecule is generally reradiated from the molecule in the form of heat. If a laser, at an absorbing wavelength of a gas of interest, is passed through a closed cell, the temperature of the entire gas in the cell will rise and thus the pressure of the gas in the cell will rise. If the laser is turned on and off at a frequency of 100-20000 Hz, the resulting pressure rises and drops can be picked up as a signal by sensitive microphones. This somewhat odd combination of optics and acoustics turns out to have several advantages over systems which measure the absorption directly. The absorption will be quite small and thus the change in intensity of the laser beam is nearly impossible to detect. Because pressure in the cell rises more quickly for small length cells, this effect exactly cancels out gains in overall absorption by making the cell longer. Thus, a small optoacoustic cell will accomplish the same as a larger cell making its size a great asset.... The device is being tested as a sniffer for bomb vapours and for ambient air analyses.  1, record 13, English, - optoacoustic%20detector

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Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A helium-neon or other laser in which an ultrasonic modulation cell is used to impress a frequency-modulated video signal on the output beam of the laser.  1, record 16, English, - frequency%2Dmodulated%20laser

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Record 17,  Textual support,  English

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the hydrogen Raman cell to improve beam quality. The Raman cell is simple in principle-as simple as a tube with windows at each end. Light from one or more excimer laser is beamed into the cell where it interacts with the hydrogen to produce a beam of slightly longer wavelength.  2, record 17, English, - hydrogen%20Raman%20cell

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