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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Courts have used the word "consideration" with many different meanings. It is often used merely to express the legal conclusion that a promise is enforceable. Historically, its primary meaning may have been that the conditions were met under which an action of assumpsit(an early form of contract action) would lie. It was also used as the equivalent of the "quid pro quo" required in an action of debt. A seal, it has been said, imports a consideration, although the law was clear that no element of bargain was necessary to enforcement of a promise under seal. On the other hand, consideration has sometimes been used to refer to almost any reason asserted for enforcing a promise, even though the reason was insufficient(as in) promises in consideration of love and affection, illegal consideration, past consideration, and consideration furnished by reliance on a gratuitous promise where in fact there has been no consideration at all.(Yogis, 1983, p. 47).  2, record 1, English, - consideration

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Technical sense, as in "doctrine of consideration."  3, record 1, English, - consideration

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le mot «consideration» n'est pas toujours employé dans ce sens technique. Ainsi, le tour «in consideration for the sum of» peut se rendre par «moyennant la somme de».  2, record 1, French, - contrepartie

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

contrepartie : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  3, record 1, French, - contrepartie

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A concept in tort law that states that if a defendant intends harm to A but harms B instead, the intent is said to be transferred to the harm befalling the actual victim, as far as the defendant's liability to be in tort is concerned. This is only a "fiction", or a legal conclusion, created in order to accomplish the desired result in terms of liability.  2, record 2, English, - transferred%20intent

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... Not only can intention be transferred from one person to another, it can also be shifted from one intentional tort to another. For example, if one person intends to batter another, but misses and merely frightens him, there is sufficient intention present to constitute an assault, even though a battery and not an assault was desired.  3, record 2, English, - transferred%20intent

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

L'intention peut non seulement être transposée d'une personne à une autre, mais elle peut aussi l'être d'un délit intentionnel à un autre. Par exemple, si une personne a l'intention de frapper une autre personne, qu'elle rate sa cible et ne réussit qu'à effrayer sa victime, son intention suffit à fonder des voies de fait, malgré qu'elle portait sur un acte de violence.  2, record 2, French, - intention%20transf%C3%A9r%C3%A9e

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... a disability whereby a party is precluded from alleging or proving in legal proceedings that a fact is otherwise than it has been made to appear by the matter giving rise to that disability. (Halsbury, 3rd ed., Vol. 15, p. 168).  1, record 3, English, - estoppel

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

"Estoppe, "says Lord Coke, "cometh of the French word "estoupe, "from whence the English word stopped; and it is called an estoppel or conclusion, because a man's own act or acceptance stoppeth or closeth up his mouth to allege or plead the truth. "Estoppel may also be defined to be a legal result or "conclusion" arising from an admission which has either been actually made, or which the law presumes to have been made, and which is binding on all persons whom it affects. Or we may adopt the definition of estoppel given by Bramwell, L. J., as follows :"An estoppel may be said to exist where a person is compelled to admit that to be true which is not true, and to act upon a theory which is contrary to the truth. This formula nearly approaches a correct definition of estoppel. "(Everest & Strode's, 3rd ed., 1923, p. 1).  1, record 3, English, - estoppel

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 OBS

estoppel: So spelled; the word is sometimes misspelled "estoppal" ...  2, record 3, English, - estoppel

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Principe de droit en vertu duquel une personne est irrecevable à revenir sur des déclarations ou à désavouer une attitude antérieure alors que ce changement pourrait porter préjudice à une autre personne qui s'était basée légitimement sur ces déclarations ou sur cette attitude.  2, record 3, French, - pr%C3%A9clusion

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

préclusion : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 3, French, - pr%C3%A9clusion

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A statement that expresses a legal duty or result but omits the facts creating or supporting the duty or result.  2, record 4, English, - legal%20conclusion

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Although the Tribunal is not a court, its abilities lie in adjudication... This requires an assessment of the relevance, admissibility and weight of evidence, along with the ability to draw a legal conclusion on the basis of the existing case law.  3, record 4, English, - legal%20conclusion

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Bien qu'il ne soit pas une cour judiciaire, le Tribunal est compétent en matière d'arbitrage [...] Ce rôle exige qu'il évalue la pertinence, l'admissibilité et le poids de la preuve, ainsi que l'aptitude à tirer une conclusion juridique en se basant sur la jurisprudence.  2, record 4, French, - conclusion%20juridique

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Il est important de noter la distinction entre les termes «conclusion de droit» et «conclusion juridique». En matière du droit de la preuve, une conclusion qui est fondée sur le droit est tout à fait différente de celle basée sur des textes de loi.  3, record 4, French, - conclusion%20juridique

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Email is now much more than just a communication mechanism but a legal document of record that can be used to an organization's advantage. Consider these recent court cases :... the Wisconsin Supreme Court reversed and rejected the findings of the trial court's conclusion that email was a communication rather than a document. They concluded that "Company documents" in the company's operating agreement was, in fact, a broader term than "records" and included drafts and emails that were not private communications.  1, record 5, English, - legal%20document%20of%20record

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les suspicions quant au titre du document légal officiel de l’APE [Accord de partenariat économique]intérimaire entre le Cameroun et l’Union Européenne (UE) ont récemment fait l’objet de l’attention des acteurs régionaux d’Afrique centrale, certains ayant même exprimé leur inquiétude quant au choix des mots.  1, record 5, French, - document%20l%C3%A9gal%20officiel

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The term "peaceful uses of outer space" appears in official government statements and multilateral treaties. However, the examination of the state practice leads to the conclusion that this term is still without an authoritative definition. It is a source of considerable confusion and creates a legal grey area. The widely accepted interpretation of this key term of space law prior to the begin of space age, namely that "peaceful" means "non-military, "was soon contradicted by the practice of two space powers. In the period between 1957 and the adoption of the Outer Space Treaty in 1967, these two powers had placed into orbit a number of military payloads and had come increasingly dependent on space technology in their military planning. Since the term "peaceful" continues to be used, it is useful to examine the meaning of this ambiguous adjective.  2, record 6, English, - peaceful%20use%20of%20outer%20space

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'utilisation pacifique de l'espace extra-atmosphérique est menacée par le caractère militaire et paramilitaire des activités spatiales. Le droit international doit jouer un rôle plus que jamais important pour la sauvegarde de l'ordre paisible de l'espace extra-atmosphérique et pour la promotion de la coopération dans le domaine des activités spatiales.  2, record 6, French, - utilisation%20pacifique%20de%20l%27espace%20extra%2Datmosph%C3%A9rique

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Terms and Conditions of Appointment of Legal Agents"... which governs appointment of both standing and ad hoc legal agents, contains a guideline indicating that the agent should raise significant legal issues(e. g. an interpretation or conclusion of law) with the Agent Supervisor...  2, record 7, English, - Terms%20and%20Conditions%20of%20Appointment%20of%20Legal%20Agents

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

L'Unité de coordination des mandataires a également, suite à Beaulac, entrepris une révision des Conditions de nomination pour mandataires.  2, record 7, French, - Conditions%20de%20nomination%20pour%20mandataires

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Before the Government of Canada can enter into any international agreement, certain necessary policy approval and legal authorization must be sought and obtained.... The first step, to secure policy approval, normally takes the form of a Memorandum to Cabinet, signed by the minister or ministers having substantive responsibility for the subject matter of the proposed agreement, recommending its conclusion. The Secretary of State for External Affairs should either join in signing the Memorandum to the Cabinet, or concur in the recommendations. Where Cabinet has previously decided on the general policy guidelines to govern Canadian participation in international arrangements to be embodied in an international agreement and has approved a draft version of the agreement, a second Memorandum to Cabinet is not usually required if the only changes to the draft agreement in the interim are minor, when it is usually sufficient to obtain the agreement of the ministers most directly concerned.  4, record 8, English, - draft%20agreement

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] le traité doit contenir un engagement ou des engagements. Aussi, les déclarations de principes ou les textes définissant les intentions de deux ou plusieurs États ou contenant simplement un projet de convention ne sont-ils pas des traités internationaux.  4, record 8, French, - projet%20de%20convention

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

At the conclusion of this module, a student will be expected to have gained an up-to-date knowledge and understanding, and developed a critical appreciation of the following aspects of biochemical diagnosis of disease :(1) the role of enzyme and metabolite assays in the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases with a biochemical parthogenesis,(2) the role of immunoassays in the diagnosis and monitoring of endocrine diseases,(3) the application of DNA-based methods to the diagnosis of cancer, genetic diseases and infectious diseases,(4) ethical, social, legal and economic aspects of modern diagnostics.  1, record 9, English, - biochemical%20diagnosis

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Diagnostic biochimique. À l'heure actuelle, seuls les diagnostics génétiques ont une sensibilité suffisante pour permettre un diagnostic à partir d'une cellule unique. Cependant, certaines équipes tentent de développer des techniques biochimiques pour réaliser un diagnostic génétique préimplantatoire.  1, record 9, French, - diagnostic%20biochimique

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Technique susceptible d'améliorer le diagnostic génétique préimplantatoire.  2, record 9, French, - diagnostic%20biochimique

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

War cannot now legally, as it could prior to the conclusion of the [Paris] Pact, be resorted to either as a legal remedy or as an instrument for changing the law. Resort to war is no longer a discretionary prerogative right of State signatories of the Pact; it is a matter of legitimate concern for other signatories whose legal rights, even if they remain neutral, are violated by recourse to war in breach of the Pact.  1, record 10, English, - recourse%20to%20war

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Expression désignant l'action d'un État qui prend l'initiative d'entrer en guerre contre un autre État soit en lui déclarant la guerre, soit en ouvrant les hostilités contre lui. Expression employée dans de nombreux actes internationaux. P. ex. : Les art. 12, 13 et 15 du Pacte de la S.D.N. énoncent, pour diverses hypothèses, l'engagement de "ne pas recourir à la guerre".  1, record 10, French, - recours%20%C3%A0%20la%20guerre

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish