TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Research that takes the gender dimension into account is found in most scientific disciplines. For instance, a legal research project may investigate how gender-neutral legal rules affect women and men differently. An example of this is the effect of retirement pension rules. In many countries the rules are universal and gender neutral, and pensions are based on previous income. In practice, however, this theoretically gender‑neutral rule may have different outcomes for women and men. Women who have worked part-time or stayed at home to take care of children receive much lower pensions than men(and women) who have worked full-time. In legal research, the gender dimension involves exploring how gender relations influence the distribution of rights and duties, benefits and disadvantages, legal protection and punishment.  2, record 1, English, - gender%20dimension

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La dimension du genre interpelle la nature des relations sociales dans une société. En effet, le genre permet de comprendre la façon dont se construisent et se structurent les liens sociaux entre les personnes du même sexe ou de sexes différents.  5, record 1, French, - dimension%20de%20genre

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Il est important que l'intégration de la dimension de genre dans la lutte et l'adaptation aux changements climatiques adopte une perspective intersectionnelle afin de tenir compte de la réalité des oppressions multiples vécues par la diversité des femmes et des groupes sociaux.  6, record 1, French, - dimension%20de%20genre

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Bien que le terme «genre» soit de plus en plus utilisé comme équivalent de «gender» lorsqu'il est question des différences et des relations sociales entre les hommes et les femmes, d'autres expressions peuvent être utilisées selon le contexte.  7, record 1, French, - dimension%20de%20genre

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

En cualquier situación, aspecto relativo a las diferencias en las vidas del hombre y de la mujer debidas a los roles que tradicionalmente se les ha asignado.  2, record 1, Spanish, - dimensi%C3%B3n%20de%20g%C3%A9nero

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

ACOPS is an environmental NGO [non-governmental organization] that informs, advises and engages to achieve sound policy and sustainable seas. [The organization] aspires to connect change makers and the public with scientific, legal and policy specialists with an eye to realizing long-term progress and the rule of law.  2, record 2, English, - Advisory%20Committee%20on%20Protection%20of%20the%20Sea

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A legal principle, of general application, sanctioned by the recognition of authorities, and usually expressed in the form of a maxim or logical proposition. Called a "rule", because in doubtful or unforeseen cases it is a guide or norm for their decision.  4, record 3, English, - rule%20of%20law

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

As opposed to the more abstract "rule of law" which subordinates everyone to the law.  5, record 3, English, - rule%20of%20law

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Norme juridiquement obligatoire [...], quels que soient sa source [...], son degré de généralité [...], sa portée [...]  3, record 3, French, - r%C3%A8gle%20de%20droit

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Regla o precepto que integra el Ordenamiento Jurídico, emanada de los órganos competentes del Estado o de una fuerza social (ej. la costumbre) y establecida con carácter general y coercitivo para regular la convivencia social.  2, record 3, Spanish, - norma%20jur%C3%ADdica

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A work for hire is an exception to the general rule that the person who creates a work is the legally recognized author of that work. Under U. S. copyright law and in some other jurisdictions, if a work is "made for hire, "the employer, not the employee, is considered the legal author.  3, record 4, English, - work%20for%20hire

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Une œuvre à louer constitue une exception à la règle voulant que la personne qui crée une œuvre est juridiquement considérée comme son auteur. Selon la loi américaine du droit d’auteur et dans certaines autres juridictions, lorsqu’une œuvre est faite sur commande et payée (œuvre à louer), c’est l’employeur et non l’employé qui est considéré comme son auteur.  4, record 4, French, - %26oelig%3Buvre%20%C3%A0%20louer

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En matière de droit d'auteur, on préfère la notion «œuvre sur commande» au lieu de «travail à la commande» pour traduire «work for hire».  5, record 4, French, - %26oelig%3Buvre%20%C3%A0%20louer

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The broad purposes of the Institute... are to promote the clarification and simplification of the law and its adaptation to modern social needs, promote improvement of the administration of justice and respect for the rule of law, and promote and carry out scholarly legal research.  3, record 5, English, - British%20Columbia%20Law%20Institute

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Historically, different rationales were advanced to support and justify the "rule of spousal incompetency, "some of which have been overcome in the more modern era with the legal recognition of spouses as being two separate entities. However, two rationales have survived to this day.... The first justification for the rule is that it promotes conjugal confidences and protects marital harmony. The second is that the rule prevents "the indignity of conscripting an accused's spouse to participate in the accused's own prosecution. "  1, record 6, English, - spousal%20incompetency%20rule

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Au cours de l’histoire, différentes raisons ont été avancées pour appuyer et justifier la «règle de l’inhabilité du conjoint à témoigner», dont certaines ne tiennent plus depuis que le droit moderne a reconnu les conjoints comme des entités distinctes. Deux de ces justifications subsistent néanmoins aujourd’hui. [...] La première justification de cette règle est qu’elle favorise les confidences entre époux et protège l’harmonie conjugale. La seconde est qu’elle empêche «l’indignité d’avoir à forcer le conjoint d’une personne accusée à participer aux poursuites dirigées contre l’accusé».  1, record 6, French, - r%C3%A8gle%20de%20l%26rsquo%3Binhabilit%C3%A9%20du%20conjoint%20%C3%A0%20t%C3%A9moigner

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... the Court must be able, in the rare cases where such a point arises, to rule that some questionable ceremony or event, whilst having the trappings of marriage, failed fundamentally to effect one, such that it neither needs nor is susceptible to a decree of nullity to determine its lack of any legal status : ie. to find in convenient shorthand that it is a "non-marriage" or a "non-existent marriage. "  3, record 7, English, - non%2Dmarriage

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

mariage inexistant : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 7, French, - mariage%20inexistant

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A category of "inherently dangerous articles" or "things dangerous in themselves", for which a stricter standard of care is required, still exists. Devised to avoid the horror of..., this legal concept was an exception to the no-privity rule that enabled courts to hold manufacturers liable for injuries inflicted by poison, guns, gas, or explosives.  2, record 8, English, - inherently%20dangerous%20thing

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Il existe encore une catégorie d'«objets essentiellement dangereux» ou de «choses dangereuses en elles-mêmes», auxquels s'applique une norme de prudence plus stricte. [...], ce concept juridique constituait une exception à la règle qui exige un lien de droit entre les parties. Il a permis aux tribunaux de tenir responsables les fabricants de produits toxiques, d'armes à feu, de gaz ou d'explosifs.  2, record 8, French, - chose%20dangereuse%20en%20soi

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

When there are no written representations or warranties, the common law rule of caveat emptor("buyer beware") usually applies. Under this rule, the buyer assumes the risk that the quality and condition of the property is satisfactory. Sellers do not have an obligation to disclose all defects at the time of sale. Without written representations or warranties, the buyer may therefore have no legal remedy if the house is defective.  2, record 9, English, - rule%20of%20caveat%20emptor

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Execution of process. It is lawful for a person who is charged by law with the duty of executing the lawful process of a court, and who is required to arrest or detain another person under such process, and for every person lawfully assisting a person so charged, to arrest or detain that other person according to the terms of the process.  3, record 10, English, - lawful%20process%20of%20a%20court

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

This Rule does not apply to the service of documents on CDS as part of a legal process of a court, which shall be governed by the applicable statutory or regulatory provisions.  2, record 10, English, - lawful%20process%20of%20a%20court

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cette règle ne s'applique pas à la signification de documents à la CDS dans le cadre de procédures judiciaires, régie par les dispositions législatives ou réglementaires applicables.  1, record 10, French, - proc%C3%A9dure%20judiciaire

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The word, heirs, is necessary in the grant or donation in order to make a fee, or inheritance. For if land be given to a man for ever, or to him and his assigns for ever, this vests in him but an estate for life.... [This rule] does not extend to devises by will; in which, as they were introduced at the time when the feodal rigor was apace wearing out, a more liberal construction is allowed : and therefore by a devise to a man for ever, or to one and his assigns for ever, or to one in fee-simple, the devisee hath an estate of inheritance; for the intention of the devisor is sufficiently plain from the words of perpetuity annexed, though be hath omitted the legal words of inheritance. But if the devise be to a man and his assigns, without annexing words of perpetuity, there the devisee shall take only an estate for life; for it does not appear the devisor intended any more....(Blackstone, Book II, p. 107-108)  1, record 11, English, - words%20of%20perpetuity

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

words of perpetuity: term used in the plural in this context.  2, record 11, English, - words%20of%20perpetuity

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

termes de perpétuité : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 11, French, - termes%20de%20perp%C3%A9tuit%C3%A9

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 OBS

termes de perpétuité : terme utilisé au pluriel dans ce contexte.  2, record 11, French, - termes%20de%20perp%C3%A9tuit%C3%A9

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Want or Defect of Title. The general rule is that a purchaser, who discovers that his vendor does not have the title which he agreed to convey... has a legal as well as an equitable right... to repudiate and sue for a declaration of rescission and for the return of the money he has paid.(Di Castri, 2nd ed., 1976, p. 264).  1, record 12, English, - want%20of%20title

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

absence de titre : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 12, French, - absence%20de%20titre

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A rule is a statement in narrower and more rigid terms than a principle, applicable to a limited, and possibly very confined, set of circumstances, such as: an employer must take care that dangerous machinery is adequately fenced. (Walker, Scottish Private Law, v. 1, p. 30)  1, record 13, English, - rule

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The difference between legal principles and legal rules is a logical distinction. Both sets of standards point to particular decisions about legal obligation in particular circumstances, but they differ in the character of the direction they give. Rules are applicable in an all-or-nothing fashion. If the facts a rule stipulates are given, then eigher the rule is valid, in which case the answer it supplies must be accepted, or it is not, in which case it contributes nothing to the decision.(Dworkin, p. 24)  1, record 13, English, - rule

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

règle : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 13, French, - r%C3%A8gle

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

At common law... a legal contingent remainder failed altogether unless it vested during the continuance, or at the determination, of the preceding particular estate. A single legal contingent remainder was accordingly bound to vest if at all, during or at the end of a life in being, and so could not offerred the perpetuity rule.(Megarry & Wade, 4th ed., 1975, p. 248)  1, record 14, English, - legal%20contingent%20remainder

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

résidu éventuel en common law : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 14, French, - r%C3%A9sidu%20%C3%A9ventuel%20en%20common%20law

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Remainders are either legal or equitable. If they are legal, they are subject to the legal remainder rules and to destruction.... They are subject, in addition, to the rule in "Shelley's Case" and the rule against perpetuities.... Legal remainders arise under common law conveyances, including modern grants. Formerly, they also arose under wills, but it is probable that all remainders arising under wills are now equitable.... The legal remainder rules are a carry-over from feudal land law and are based on the importance that the law attached to seisin. While they are long since out of tune with modern conditions, they remain in force in common law Canada.(Anger & Honsberger, 2nd ed., 1985, pp. 391-2).  1, record 15, English, - legal%20remainder

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

résidu en common law : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 15, French, - r%C3%A9sidu%20en%20common%20law

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The rule(in "Whitby" v. "Mitchell") applies to legal and equitable contingent remainders in land.(Anger & Honsberger, 2nd ed., 1985, p. 512)  1, record 16, English, - equitable%20contingent%20remainder

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

résidu éventuel en equity : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 16, French, - r%C3%A9sidu%20%C3%A9ventuel%20en%20equity

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In English law, a promise is not, as a general rule, binding as a contract unless it is either made under seal or supported by some "consideration". The purpose of the doctrine of consideration is to put some legal limit on the enforceability of agreements even where they are intended to be legally binding and are not vitiated by some factor such as mistake, misrepresentation, duress or illegality.... The present position therefore is that English law limits the enforceability of agreements not under seal by reference to a complex and multifarious body of rules known as "the doctrine of consideration. "(Chitty on Contracts, 26th ed., 1989, Vol I, pp. 105-106).  1, record 17, English, - doctrine%20of%20consideration

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

doctrine de la contrepartie : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 17, French, - doctrine%20de%20la%20contrepartie

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[T] he generally accepted rule is that "each of two or more persons whose tortious conduct is a legal cause of a single and indivisible harm to the injured party is subject to liability to the injured party for the entire harm.  2, record 18, English, - indivisible%20harm

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

dommage indivisible; préjudice indivisible : termes normalisés par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 18, French, - dommage%20indivisible

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A mixed question of law and fact occurs when the facts are established, the rule of law is undisputed, and the issue is whether the facts satisfy the legal rule. The term ’mixed question of law and fact’ refers to questions about the application of a rule or standard to the particular facts of the case.  4, record 19, English, - mixed%20question%20of%20law%20and%20fact

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

An offender who is found to be a dangerous offender under this Part may appeal to the court of appeal against that finding on any ground of law or fact or mixed law and fact.  3, record 19, English, - mixed%20question%20of%20law%20and%20fact

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le délinquant déclaré délinquant dangereux sous l'autorité de la présente partie peut interjeter appel d'une telle déclaration à la cour d'appel sur toute question de droit ou de fait ou toute question mixte de droit et de fait.  2, record 19, French, - question%20mixte%20de%20droit%20et%20de%20fait

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... legal rule derived from, and consistent with, those parts of legal reasoning within a judgement on which the outcome of the case depends.  2, record 20, English, - ratio%20decidendi

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ratio decidendi (Latin plural rationes decidendi) is a Latin phrase meaning "the reason" or "the rationale for the decision." The ratio decidendi is "[t]he point in a case which determines the judgment" or "the principle which the case establishes."  2, record 20, English, - ratio%20decidendi

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La partie des motifs de décision qui concerne directement les questions qui doivent être tranchées.  2, record 20, French, - ratio%20decidendi

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 2 OBS

ratio decidendi : terminologie employée par la Commission de l'immigration et du statut de réfugié (CISR).  3, record 20, French, - ratio%20decidendi

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Under the circumstances, the politicization of legal issues may be the most effective method for [public interest litigation] PIL activists to achieve their objectives, even if, paradoxically, the objective is to promote the rule of law.  1, record 21, English, - politization%20of%20legal%20issues

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dans ces circonstances, la politisation des questions juridiques pourrait être la méthode la plus efficace pour les militants ayant recours aux LIP [litiges d'intérêt publique] d’atteindre leurs objectifs, même si, paradoxalement, l’objectif est la promotion de la règle de droit.  1, record 21, French, - politisation%20des%20questions%20juridiques

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

contract  1, record 22, English, - enure%20to%20the%20benefit%20of

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 2 OBS

inure: to take effect  3, record 22, English, - enure%20to%20the%20benefit%20of

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 3 OBS

inure; enure. The former is the standard spelling in both legal and nonlegal texts. Inure=(1) to take effect, come into use; or(2) to make accustomed to something unpleasant; habituate. Sense(1) is the sense that usually appears in legal contexts :"The rule is well established that whenever a contract between attorney and client inures to the benefit or advantage of the attorney the court will not only closely scrutinize but will actually change the ordinary rules of evidence to arrive at a determination. "/"The damages must inure to the exclusive benefit of the widow and children. "The noun is ’inurement’.  2, record 22, English, - enure%20to%20the%20benefit%20of

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Commonwealth Lawyers’ Association(CLA) is an international organisation which exists to promote and maintain the rule of law throughout the Commonwealth by ensuring that an independent and efficient legal profession, with the highest standards of ethics and integrity, serves the people of the Commonwealth.  1, record 23, English, - Commonwealth%20Lawyers%26rsquo%3B%20Association

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Joinder of parties to actions. It is a rule in actions ex contractu that all who have a legal interest in the contract and no others, must join in action founded on a breach of such contract; whether the parties are too many or too few, it is equally fatal. In actions ex contractu all obligors jointly and not severally liable and no others, must be made defendants.  2, record 24, English, - joinder%20of%20parties%20to%20actions

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Magna Carta(Latin for "Great Charter", literally "Great Paper"), also called Magna Carta Libertatum("Great Charter of Freedoms"), is an English charter originally issued in 1215. Magna Carta was the most significant early influence on the long historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law today. Magna Carta was originally created because of disagreements between Pope Innocent III, King John and his English barons about the rights of the King. Magna Carta required the king to renounce certain rights, respect certain legal procedures and accept that the will of the king could be bound by law.  1, record 25, English, - Magna%20Carta

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La Grande Charte ou Magna Carta est une charte de 63 articles arrachée par le baronnage anglais au roi Jean sans Terre le 15 juin 1215 après une courte guerre civile notamment marquée par la prise de Londres, le 17 mai, par les rebelles. Les barons étaient excédés des exigences militaires et financières du roi et de ses échecs répétés en France à Bouvines et à la Roche-aux-Moines. Ce texte limite l'arbitraire royal et établit en droit l'habeas corpus qui empêche, entre autres, l'emprisonnement arbitraire. Il garantit les droits féodaux, les libertés des villes contre l'arbitraire royal et institue le contrôle de l'impôt par le Grand Conseil du Royaume. L'archevêque de Canterbury, Langton défend ardemment les barons, son nom restant le premier à avoir été apposé en qualité de témoin de la Grande Charte. Lorsque le pape excommunie les barons, Langton refuse de publier l'interdit et est suspendu par le pape.  1, record 25, French, - Magna%20Carta

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La Carta Magna ("Gran Carta" en latín), también conocida como Magna Carta Libertatum es un documento inglés de 1215 que limitó el poder de los monarcas de Inglaterra, especialmente el del rey Juan sin Tierra, que la firmó, impidiendo así el ejercicio del poder absoluto. Fue el resultado de los desencuentros entre Juan, el Papa y los nobles ingleses sobre las prerrogativas del soberano. De acuerdo a los términos de la Carta Magna, Juan debía renunciar a ciertos derechos y respetar determinados procedimientos legales, reconociendo que la voluntad del rey estaría sujeta a la ley. Se considera a la Carta Magna como el primer capítulo de un largo proceso histórico que llevaría al surgimiento del constitucionalismo.  2, record 25, Spanish, - Carta%20Magna

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The Refugee Protection Division, in any proceeding before it, is not bound by any legal or technical rules of evidence.  1, record 26, English, - legal%20rules%20of%20evidence

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Term found in the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, 2001.  2, record 26, English, - legal%20rules%20of%20evidence

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dans toute affaire dont elle est saisie, la Section de la protection des réfugiés n'est pas liée par les règles légales ou techniques de présentation de la preuve.  1, record 26, French, - r%C3%A8gles%20l%C3%A9gales%20de%20pr%C3%A9sentation%20de%20la%20preuve

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Terme tiré de la Loi sur l'immigration et la protection des réfugiés, 2001.  2, record 26, French, - r%C3%A8gles%20l%C3%A9gales%20de%20pr%C3%A9sentation%20de%20la%20preuve

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

As a general rule, an individual has no duty to aid another in danger if he did not create the perilous situation. This doctrine of "bad samaritanism" is a prevalent feature of the Anglo-American legal systems.  2, record 27, English, - bad%20samaritanism

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

There is an American legal principle adopted from the common law known as the "emancipated minor" rule. Simply stated, the rule suggests that if a young person is living independently of his or her parents or is married, but is under the age of majority, then for all intents and purposes, that individual should be deemed an adult for consent to treatment.  2, record 28, English, - emancipated%20minor%20rule

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The doctrine [of equality of States] imports not merely equality at law, but also the capacity for equal legal rights and equal legal duties. The results of the doctrine are seen particularly in the law and practice as to multilateral treaties where generally the rule has prevailed that unanimity is necessary for the adoption of these instruments by States in Conference. [...] To quote one authority «The unanimity rule, conceived as the safeguard of the minority, has, through exaggerating the doctrine of equality, become and instrument of tyranny against the majority».  1, record 29, English, - unanimity%20rule

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[...] the recent trend is towards decisions and voting by a majority, instead of unanimously. This is particularly reflected in voting procedures in the United Nations, the International Labour Organisation, and other bodies.  1, record 29, English, - unanimity%20rule

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Règle traditionnellement suivie dans les conférences diplomatiques d'après laquelle, sous réserve de certaines exceptions ou modalités convenues, une proposition ne peut être adoptée que du commun accord de tous les États représentés à la Conférence.  1, record 29, French, - r%C3%A8gle%20de%20l%27unanimit%C3%A9

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[Cette] règle [est] maintenue pour les décisions de certains organes internationaux, mais écartée par la Charte des Nations Unies qui y substitue une règle de majorité qualifiée.  1, record 29, French, - r%C3%A8gle%20de%20l%27unanimit%C3%A9

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Institute promotes the international rule of law and human rights by its activities in the fields of comparative law, international law and conflict of laws, and in the fields of European law and Commonwealth law. The Institute's unique contribution is, as Lord Denning stated in 1952, in moving freely over the boundaries that divide these fields of law and bringing out the underlying unities. The Institute's location at the heart of the common law world and the financial and commercial centre of London, and between continental Europe and America, dictates and support this mission. The Institute provides a unique focus on the development of an international legal order, and also of the European Union and European Human Rights. It is deeply involved in the development of international commercial and financial law. Assistance to new or struggling democracies and the developing economies is a core task.  1, record 30, English, - British%20Institute%20of%20International%20and%20Comparative%20Law

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

hear the other side  2, record 31, English, - audi%20alteram%20partem

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The rule expressed in the maxim "audi alteram partem" is that no man shall be condemned for consequences resulting from alleged misconduct unheard and without having the opportunity of making his defence. This rule is not confined to the conduct of strictly legal tribunals but is applicable to every tribunal or body of persons invested with authority to adjudicate upon matters involving civil consequences to individuals.  2, record 31, English, - audi%20alteram%20partem

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Adage juridique exprimant un principe de droit naturel selon lequel un tribunal ne peut statuer sur une question affectant une personne sans lui avoir donné la possibilité de se faire entendre pour exprimer son point de vue ou pour se défendre.  3, record 31, French, - audi%20alteram%20partem

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dicton de St-Augustin incitant à considérer le revers de la médaille.  4, record 31, French, - audi%20alteram%20partem

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Le principe énoncé dans cette maxime est exprimé en ces termes à l'article 5 du Code de procédure civile du Québec : «Il ne peut être prononcé sur une demande en justice sans que la partie contre laquelle elle est formée n'ait été entendue ou dûment appelée».  2, record 31, French, - audi%20alteram%20partem

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Usually in the plural form.  2, record 32, English, - legal%20rules%20of%20evidence

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Pluriel d'usage  2, record 32, French, - r%C3%A8gles%20juridiques%20en%20mati%C3%A8re%20de%20preuve

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A rule of international law that a corporation or a person residing in a foreign country must first exhaust all legal means unto the court of last resort in the country where he temporarily resides before seeking the assistance of his own government.  1, record 33, English, - exhaustion%20of%20local%20remedies

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Principe conditionnant la recevabilité de l'action en protection diplomatique engagée par un État contre un autre État au profit d'un national.  2, record 33, French, - r%C3%A8gle%20de%20l%27%C3%A9puisement%20des%20recours%20internes

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le déclenchement de la protection diplomatique [...] nécessite en effet parmi ses préalables que l'individu lésé sur un territoire étranger ait en premier lieu tout tenté pour vider sa querelle et obtenir réparation sur place.  2, record 33, French, - r%C3%A8gle%20de%20l%27%C3%A9puisement%20des%20recours%20internes

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An accounting rule which consists of presenting in the financial statements the economic substance of a transaction rather than its legal form.  3, record 35, English, - substance%20over%20form%20principle

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 DEF

En comptabilité, principe voulant que les opérations et les faits soient comptabilisés et présentés d'une manière qui exprime leur substance ou la réalité économique qui les sous-tend plutôt que leur forme juridique. En vérification (audit, révision), ce principe oblige le professionnel comptable à s'assurer que l'entité a bien comptabilisé la substance de toutes les opérations et de tous les faits plutôt que tenu compte de leur seule forme.  2, record 35, French, - principe%20de%20la%20primaut%C3%A9%20de%20la%20substance%20sur%20la%20forme

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Equity in the sense of fairness is frequently opposed to law and legality, because that which is fair does not always constitute a legal claim or defence. Hence, when a legal rule or remedy is capable of two interpretations or applications, one literal or restrictive, and the other liberal(that is, calculated to make the rule or remedy operate fairly, and to extend its benefit to as many cases as possible), the latter is called the equitable construction or application.(Jowitt's, 2nd ed. 1977, p. 712).  1, record 36, English, - equitable

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Équivalent français normalisé par le Comité de normalisation du PAJLO.  2, record 36, French, - %C3%A9quitable

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish