TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... the law of obligations is simply "everyday life translated into legal equations. "This branch of private law regulates the social relations necessary to the satisfaction of vital human needs. What is an "obligation" in this particular sense? It can be defined as a legal relationship between two persons "by virtue of which one of them, the debtor, is bound [to] another, the creditor, to perform a prestation. "  1, record 1, English, - law%20of%20obligations

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Droit des obligations. Or l'obligation […] est un rapport de droit entre deux ou plusieurs personnes, en vertu duquel l'une d'elles, appelée le débiteur, est tenue envers une autre, appelée le créancier, d'exécuter une prestation qui consiste à faire ou ne pas faire quelque chose. On pourrait aussi bien la définir comme un rapport de droit entre deux personnes, en vertu duquel l'une d'elle (le créancier) est en droit d'exiger quelque chose de l'autre (le débiteur).  1, record 1, French, - droit%20des%20obligations

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An act or a regulation or any portion of an act or regulation ... or other instrument having the force of law made under the authority of an act.  5, record 2, English, - enactment

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

enactment :...(2) a statute. The word is best not used by legal writers in sense(2), although it has been so used almost from the beginning.  5, record 2, English, - enactment

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Equity arbitration relies on both equitable ideals and universal common law principles that have developed through the years. For example, a valid contract requires that one party made an offer, the other accepted it, and something of value was exchanged. If the parties never reached an agreement, there is no contract... In equitable arbitration, the arbitrator doesn’t have to follow legal technicalities or enforce parts of a contract that don’t make sense. The arbitrator can ignore certain terms that would make the outcome unfair if they were strictly enforced.  3, record 3, English, - equitable%20arbitration

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Preventive law, in its broadest sense, seeks to encourage new methods and concepts for how legal services can be delivered in the future to avoid conflict and disputes. … While the emphasis in preventive law is to manage facts and events in such a manner as to avoid unwanted legal consequences, it has a natural connection with concepts of alternative dispute resolution.  3, record 4, English, - preventive%20law

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

droit préventif : désignation normalisée par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 4, French, - droit%20pr%C3%A9ventif

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[A] demise charterer takes over possession of the ship in the legal sense. It becomes owner of the ship "pro hac vice, "the ship's disponent owner, rather than merely a hirer of the services of ship and crew.  2, record 5, English, - bareboat%20charterer

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

According to some authors, there is a difference between a "bareboat charterer" and a "demise charterer": a demise charterer charters a vessel with or without a crew whereas a bareboat charterer charters a vessel without any crew.  3, record 5, English, - bareboat%20charterer

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Special legal sense, as chiefly used in the law of trusts.  2, record 6, English, - charity

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

activité caritative: terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 6, French, - activit%C3%A9%20caritative

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

«Charity» se traduit dans certains contextes par «activités caritatives», comme dans l'expression «heads of charity».  2, record 6, French, - activit%C3%A9%20caritative

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

General legal sense.  2, record 7, English, - charity

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

organisation caritative : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 7, French, - organisation%20caritative

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The period, after completion of a contract, during which a contractor is required to make good at his own expense any work which needs repair.  2, record 8, English, - warranty%20period

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Do not confuse "warranty" and "guaranty". According to Construction Specifications Canada, "a Warranty is a ... contract or agreement between two parties and usually is included in a contract for goods or services between these parties", whereas "a guarantee is a ’collateral’ agreement for the performance of another’s undertaking".  5, record 8, English, - warranty%20period

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 2 OBS

guarantee. A. And "warranty". Originally the same word, "warranty" and "guarantee"(or "-ty") arrived in the language through different medieval French dialects. "Guarantee" is the broader term, ordinarily meaning either(1) "the act of giving a security; the undertaking with respect to(a contract, performance of a legal act, etc.) that it shall be duly carried out, "or(2) "something given or existing as security, e. g., for fulfillment of an engagement or condition"(OED). "Warranty", as a legal term, has slightly more specific and elaborate senses :(1) "a covenant(either express or implied) annexed to a conveyance of realty by which the seller warrants the security of the title conveyed";(2) "an assurance, express or implied, given by the seller of goods, that he will be answerable for their possession of some quality attributed to them"(the seller hereby disclaims all warranties) ;or(3) "in a contract for insurance, an engagement by the insured that certain statements are true or that certain conditions shall be fulfilled"(OED). B. And "guaranty". The distinction in BrE once was that the former is the verb, the latter the noun. Yet "guarantee" is now commonly used as both n. & v. t. in both AmE and BrE. In practice, "guarantee", n., is the usual term, seen often, for example, in the context of consumer warranties or other assurances of quality or performance. "Guaranty", in contrast, is now used primarily in financial and banking contexts in the sense "a promise to answer for the debt of another. ""Guaranty" is now rarely seen in nonlegal writing, whether in G. B. or in the U. S. Some legal writers prefer "guaranty" in all nominal senses.  6, record 8, English, - warranty%20period

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Période contractuelle au cours de laquelle le titulaire du marché s'oblige à remettre en état ou à remplacer tout ou partie de l'ouvrage ou de la fourniture qui serait reconnu comme défectueux.  1, record 8, French, - p%C3%A9riode%20de%20garantie

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Malgré ce qu'indique la source OLFMB 1985, il ne faut pas confondre les termes anglais «warranty» et «guaranty», qui ne sont pas [...] synonymes. En effet, selon une étude insérée dans le Devis de Construction Canada, le premier signifie «garantie», tandis que le second correspond à «cautionnement».  3, record 8, French, - p%C3%A9riode%20de%20garantie

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Value is often used as an abbreviation for "valuable consideration," especially in the phrases "purchaser for value," "holder for value," etc. (Jowitt’s, 2nd ed., 1977, p. 1849).  2, record 9, English, - for%20value

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Value may consist of spiritual or aesthetic qualities, or in utility in use, or in the amount of money or other goods which could be obtained in exchange for the thing in question. In legal contexts, the last is the sense usually relevant, in such phrases as "holder for value" or "purchaser for value, "in each of which "value" means "having paid a reasonable equivalent in money. "[Oxford Companion to Law, 1980, p. 1270].  2, record 9, English, - for%20value

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ce syntagme figure dans diverses expressions telles que «purchaser for valuable consideration, bailment for valuable consideration», etc., et s'oppose aux adjectifs «gratuitous» et «voluntary» rendus par «à titre gratuit» ou «gratuit».  2, record 9, French, - %C3%A0%20titre%20on%C3%A9reux

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 OBS

On veillera à éviter l'emploi de la locution «contre valeur» qui est un calque de l'anglais.  2, record 9, French, - %C3%A0%20titre%20on%C3%A9reux

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 3 OBS

à titre onéreux : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  3, record 9, French, - %C3%A0%20titre%20on%C3%A9reux

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... the actionable wrong of making a false statement, knowing it to be false, or without honest belief in its truth or recklessly, not caring whether it be true or false, with the intention that another should rely thereon and act to his detriment and with the result that the other does so act.(Oxford Companion to Law, 1980, p. 340)  2, record 10, English, - deceit

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

deceit :Legal sense.  3, record 10, English, - deceit

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Délit civil consistant à faire une fausse assertion qui aura pour effet voulu d'amener son destinataire à agir à son détriment.  2, record 10, French, - dol

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

dol : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  3, record 10, French, - dol

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In a general sense, any violation or omission of a legal or moral duty.  3, record 11, English, - breach%20of%20duty

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Breach of duty - a failure to perform a duty owed to another or to society; a failure to exercise that care which a reasonable man would exercise under similar circumstances.  4, record 11, English, - breach%20of%20duty

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

manquement à une obligation; violation d'obligation : termes normalisés par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 11, French, - manquement%20%C3%A0%20une%20obligation

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A legal or moral duty to do or not to do something. The word has many wide and varied meanings.  3, record 12, English, - obligation

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Obligation in its popular sense is merely a synonym for duty. Its legal sense, derived from Roman law, differs from this in several aspects. In the first place, obligations are merely one class of duties, namely, those which are the correlatives of rights in personam.  3, record 12, English, - obligation

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Duty used in its broad meaning.  4, record 12, English, - obligation

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les obligations de l'administrateur du bien d'autrui, les obligations réciproques des époux.  2, record 12, French, - obligation

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

obligation : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  3, record 12, French, - obligation

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Lienee means [in American English] "one whose property is subject to a lien, "but in Australia it is synonymous with lienholder. The Australian usage mangles any sense left in the suffix –ee... [A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage, 1995, 2nd ed., p. 529. ]  2, record 13, English, - junior%20lienee

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

titulaire de privilège de rang inférieur : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l’accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 13, French, - titulaire%20de%20privil%C3%A8ge%20de%20rang%20inf%C3%A9rieur

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Individual owning property on which another party (lienor) possesses a right of lien.  2, record 14, English, - first%20lienee

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Lienee means [in American English] "one whose property is subject to a lien, "but in Australia it is synonymous with lienholder. The Australian usage mangles any sense left in the suffix –ee... [A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage, 1995, 2nd ed., p. 529. ]  3, record 14, English, - first%20lienee

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

titulaire de privilège de premier rang : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l’accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 14, French, - titulaire%20de%20privil%C3%A8ge%20de%20premier%20rang

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Lienee means [in American English] "one whose property is subject to a lien, "but in Australia it is synonymous with lienholder. The Australian usage mangles any sense left in the suffix –ee... [A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage, 1995, 2nd ed., p. 529. ]  2, record 15, English, - subsequent%20lienee

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

titulaire de privilège de rang postérieur : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 15, French, - titulaire%20de%20privil%C3%A8ge%20de%20rang%20post%C3%A9rieur

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Lienee means [in American English] "one whose property is subject to a lien, "but in Australia it is synonymous with lienholder. The Australian usage mangles any sense left in the suffix –ee... [A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage, 1995, 2nd ed., p. 529. ]  2, record 16, English, - senior%20lienee

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

titulaire de privilège de rang supérieur : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 16, French, - titulaire%20de%20privil%C3%A8ge%20de%20rang%20sup%C3%A9rieur

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... proviso generally has a narrower sense than provision(=a contractual term). In DRAFTING, a proviso is either a clause that is inserted in a legal or formal document and that makes some condition, stipulation, exception, or limitation, or a clause upon whose observance the operation or validity of the instrument depends. E. g., "When there is no accuracy or promptitude, the company should answer for all injury resulting, subject to the proviso that the injury must be the natural and direct consequence of the negligent act. "…(A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage, 2nd Ed., p. 710.)  2, record 17, English, - proviso%20for%20defeasance

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 2 OBS

[defeasance] A condition upon the fulfillment of which a deed or other instrument isdefeated or made void; a contractual provision containing such a condition. – Alsotermed defeasance clause. (Black’s Law Dictionary, 8th Ed., p. 449.)  2, record 17, English, - proviso%20for%20defeasance

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

disposition restrictive portant anéantissement : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l’accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 17, French, - disposition%20restrictive%20portant%20an%C3%A9antissement

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Lienee means [in American English] "one whose property is subject to a lien, "but in Australia it is synonymous with lienholder. The Australian usage mangles any sense left in the suffix –ee... [A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage, 1995, 2nd ed., p. 529. ]  2, record 18, English, - second%20lienee

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

titulaire de privilège de deuxième rang : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 18, French, - titulaire%20de%20privil%C3%A8ge%20de%20deuxi%C3%A8me%20rang

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Lienee means [in American English] "one whose property is subject to a lien, "but in Australia it is synonymous with lienholder. The Australian usage mangles any sense left in the suffix –ee... [A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage, 1995, 2nd ed., p. 529. ]  2, record 19, English, - prior%20lienee

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

titulaire de privilège de rang antérieur : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 19, French, - titulaire%20de%20privil%C3%A8ge%20de%20rang%20ant%C3%A9rieur

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In its secondary sense, "lien" may be applied to a right subsisting in a person who has no possession of the property concerned but who nevertheless has a right against the owner analogous to a legal lien.(28 "Hals. ", 4th ed., p. 503)  2, record 20, English, - non%2Dpossessory%20lien

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

privilège non possessoire : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l’accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 20, French, - privil%C3%A8ge%20non%20possessoire

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The end object as well as the limitations of a mechanic' s lien, a creation of statute, is, for the value of labour and materials, in the widest sense, applied to an improvement of land, to provide a security to those furnishing them in a legal charge upon the improvement and the land to which it has been added.(Golden Hill Ventures Ltd. v. Kemess Mines Inc. 2002 BCSC 1460)  2, record 21, English, - legal%20charge

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

charge en common law : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l’accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 21, French, - charge%20en%20common%20law

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In its primary or legal sense "lien" means a right at common law in one man to retain that which is rightfully and continuously in his possession belonging to another until the present and accrued claims of the person in possession are satisfied. In this primary sense it is given by law and not by contract.  2, record 22, English, - lien

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

It is a form of security differing from a mortgage or charge in that while the origin of the debt secured by a mortgage or charge is immaterial, a lien can only attach to property which is or has been the subject of a transaction between the parties.  2, record 22, English, - lien

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Droit appartenant à un créancier d'être payé sur le prix de vente d'un ou plusieurs biens du débiteur par préférence à d'autres créanciers.  2, record 22, French, - privil%C3%A8ge

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

privilège : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l’accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 22, French, - privil%C3%A8ge

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Legal lien is used... to denote a lien in the primary sense. Such liens are sometimes described as possessory or common law liens.(28 Hals., 4th ed., p. 502, note 1)  3, record 23, English, - common%20law%2Dlien

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 OBS

privilège en common law : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l’accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 23, French, - privil%C3%A8ge%20en%20common%20law

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The holder or owner of a lien upon the real property or personal property of another. (Ballentine’s Law Dictionary, 1994, 3rd ed., p. 737.)  2, record 24, English, - lienee

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Lienee means [in American English] "one whose property is subject to a lien, "but in Australia it is synonymous with lienholder. The Australian usage mangles any sense left in the suffix –ee... [A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage, 1995, 2nd ed., p. 529. ]  2, record 24, English, - lienee

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

titulaire de privilège : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 24, French, - titulaire%20de%20privil%C3%A8ge

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The divorce "a vinculo matrimonii" is a forerunner of divorce. The word "divorce" is used in a wider sense than in modern legal usage.  2, record 25, English, - divorce%20%5C%22a%20vinculo%20matrimonii%5C%22

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le divorce du lien matrimonial est l'ancêtre du divorce. Le mot «divorce» est employé ici dans un sens plus large que dans l'usage juridique courant.  3, record 25, French, - divorce%20du%20lien%20matrimonial

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 2 OBS

divorce du lien matrimonial : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  4, record 25, French, - divorce%20du%20lien%20matrimonial

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The divorce "a mensa et thoro" is a forerunner of modern judicial separation.  4, record 26, English, - divorce%20%5C%22a%20mensa%20et%20thoro%5C%22

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The word "divorce" is used in a wider sense than in modern legal usage.  4, record 26, English, - divorce%20%5C%22a%20mensa%20et%20thoro%5C%22

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le divorce de lit et de table est l'ancêtre de la séparation judiciaire.  2, record 26, French, - divorce%20de%20lit%20et%20de%20table

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Le mot «divorce» est employé ici dans un sens plus large que dans l'usage juridique courant.  2, record 26, French, - divorce%20de%20lit%20et%20de%20table

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 3 OBS

divorce de lit et de table : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  3, record 26, French, - divorce%20de%20lit%20et%20de%20table

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Legal instrument first devised for the joint execution of the Polar Platform and POEM-1 Programmes. The text proposed is to be approved by the Participants like the Declarations, being related to two legally separate programmes, establishing a link between these two programmes. The aim of the act is twofold : firstly to ensure that the two declarations start simultaneously and secondly that their execution be managed in a unified manner. This legal instrument in a sense complements the provisions of both Declarations and of the implementing rules. "Act in Council" underlines the political and legal character of the legal text.  1, record 27, English, - act%20in%20Council

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Instrument juridique créé pour la conduite en commun des programmes Plate-forme polaire et POEM-1. Le texte proposé doit être approuvé par les Participants, étant donné qu'il se rapporte à deux programmes juridiquement distincts et qu'il établit un lien entre eux. L'acte a un double objet : faire en sorte que les deux Déclarations démarrent en même temps et que leur mise en œuvre soit exécutée de façon unifiée. Cet instrument juridique complète en un sens les dispositions des deux Déclarations et des Règlements d'exécution. La dénomination «Avis en Conseil» souligne la nature à la fois politique et juridique de cet instrument.  1, record 27, French, - acte%20en%20Conseil

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In its general sense, the determination of astronomic bearings and distances between points permanently or temporarily marked on the ground and includes the keeping of records of all measurements used in the determination.  1, record 28, English, - survey

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

"Survey", in its legal sense, means the determination of all the monuments or landmarks that mark a boundary and the survey of all the lines constituting the boundary. It includes the preparation of field notes and plans and any examination, approval or confirmation that may be required of the Surveyor General and other officers under the provisions of the ["Canada Lands Survey"] "Act" or other statutory authority.("Manual of Instructions for the Survey of Canada Lands", 2nd ed. 1979, p. B2 : 3).  1, record 28, English, - survey

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 OBS

arpentage; levé : termes normalisés par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 28, French, - arpentage

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An expectancy or chance is a mere hope, unfounded in any limitation, provision, trust, or legal act whatever; such as the hope which an heir apparent has of succeeding to the ancestor's estate. This is sometimes said to be a bare or mere possibility, and, at other times, less than a possibility. It is a possibility in the popular sense of the term. But it is less than a possibility in the specific sense of the term possibility. For, it is no right at all, in contemplation of law, even by possibility; because, in the case of a mere expectancy, nothing has been done to create an obligation in any event; and where there is no obligation, there can be no right....(Fearne, 10th ed., 1844, pp. 23-24)  1, record 29, English, - expectancy

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 OBS

expectative : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 29, French, - expectative

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Legal executory interests are future interests which arise either under a use executed by the "Statute of Uses" or, formerly, under a will. (Anger & Honsberger, 2nd ed., 1985, p. 416)  1, record 30, English, - legal%20executory%20interest

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 2 CONT

(L) egal executory interests... are interests of a kind quite different from those recognized by the common law. As the word "legal" indicates, they are interests that affect legal title. They are "executory" in that they are always contingent and never vested, and when the contingency occurs they vest forthwith in possession and do not pass through the stage of vesting in interest. Moreover, legal executory interests are not subject to the common law remainder rules and in this sense, in contrast with legal contingent remainders, may be termed "indestructible. "(Mendes da Costa & Balfour, 1982, p. 771)  1, record 30, English, - legal%20executory%20interest

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dans l'équivalent normalisé, l'élément «non réalisé» se voit attribuer une vocation technique selon laquelle il désigne ce qui est à réaliser.  2, record 30, French, - int%C3%A9r%C3%AAt%20non%20r%C3%A9alis%C3%A9%20en%20common%20law

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 2 OBS

L'élément «legal» du terme anglais s'oppose dans certains contextes à «common law». Le terme pourra dans ces cas être rendu par une expression explicative telle que «intérêt non réalisé d'origine législative».  1, record 30, French, - int%C3%A9r%C3%AAt%20non%20r%C3%A9alis%C3%A9%20en%20common%20law

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 3 OBS

intérêt non réalisé en common law : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 30, French, - int%C3%A9r%C3%AAt%20non%20r%C3%A9alis%C3%A9%20en%20common%20law

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The dwelling house and the adjoining land where the head of the family dwells; the home farm. The fixed residence of the family, with the land, usual and customary appurtenances, and buildings surrounding the main house. Technically, and under the modern homestead laws, an artificial estate in land, devised to protect the possession and enjoyment of the owner against the claims of his creditors, by withdrawing the property from execution and forced sale, so long as the land is occupied as a home. (Black, 6th ed., 1990, p. 734).  1, record 31, English, - homestead

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 2 CONT

In the western provinces, dower and curtesy in the historical legal sense have been abolished and replaced with an equivalent life estate in certain lands of the deceased spouse, referred to as his or her "homestead". This term is variously defined in the several provinces, but generally, it includes the matrimonial home together with adjoining land.(Anger and Honsberger, 2nd, p. 212)  1, record 31, English, - homestead

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

propriété familiale : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 31, French, - propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20familiale

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The position reached by the common law was that estates of freehold represented real property law in the strict sense of that term, and as such were subject to all the consequences of feudal tenure; while on the other hand leaseholds(together with some other rights in land) were not so subject, and for this reason were neither affected by the incidents of feudalism, nor governed by the same legal rules as freeholds.(Cheshire's, 12th ed., p. 39).  1, record 32, English, - gavelkind

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

gavelkind : qualifiant ce terme d'historique, le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO) n'a pas tenu à le normaliser.  2, record 32, French, - gavelkind

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The position reached by the common law was that estates of freehold represented real property law in the strict sense of that term, and as such were subject to all the consequences of feudal tenure; while on the other hand leaseholds(together with some other rights in land) were not so subject, and for this reason were neither affected by the incidents of feudalism, nor governed by the same legal rules as freeholds.(Cheshire's, 12th ed., p. 39).  1, record 33, English, - feudal%20tenure

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 OBS

tenure féodale : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 33, French, - tenure%20f%C3%A9odale

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

As a verb, buy is the ordinary word, purchase the more formal word. (Garner, p.97)  1, record 34, English, - buy

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Purchase, in legal writing, also commonly has the more general sense "to buy".(When used in this lay sense, purchase is a formal word).(Garner, 1987, p. 453).  1, record 34, English, - buy

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 OBS

«Purchase» est pris ici dans son acception courante.  2, record 34, French, - acheter

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 2 OBS

acquérir; acheter : termes normalisés par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 34, French, - acheter

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Accession is the right to all that one’s property produces whether that property be moveable or immoveable, and the right to that which is united to it by accessory, either naturally or artificially; a source of title to property, by virtue of its incorporation with, or annexation to, that which is already the property of the individual in whom the right to the acquisition is thus vested. (Words and Phrases/Canada, 2nd, p. 35)  1, record 35, English, - accession

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In its general sense, accession has been defined as the increase, addition, or augmentation. As a legal term, it ordinarily signifies the principle by which the owner of property becomes entitled to all which it produces, and all that is added or united to it, either naturally or artificially, whether such property be movable or immovable.("Corpus Juris Secundum", Vol. 1, p. 406).  1, record 35, English, - accession

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 OBS

«Accession» désigne à la fois un principe de droit (droit du propriétaire) et l'objet de ce principe (la chose qui s'ajoute à la propriété).  2, record 35, French, - accession

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Terme générique.  1, record 35, French, - accession

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 3 OBS

accession : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 35, French, - accession

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... jurisdiction ... which falls within the exclusive competence of a State and over which it claims and reserves the exclusive right to act, uninterfered by other States, considering that it alone is competent to order and regulate such matters which are essentially within the domain of its internal (home) affairs.  2, record 36, English, - domestic%20jurisdiction

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The term "domestic jurisdiction", as used in the theory and practice of international law, mainly since the Covenant of the League of Nations, is not a new legal concept from the point of view of its content. Indeed, it does not mean anything else or anything more than the term sovereignty in the sense of the supreme power of the State over its territory and inhabitants in the framework of international law binding upon the State. What some authors used to call "internal sovereignty" corresponds to domestic jurisdiction. This term does not mean exactly the same thing as the French expression "compétence exclusive de l'État, "although it is translated in this way in the Covenant.  3, record 36, English, - domestic%20jurisdiction

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Reproduced from the Glosario Provisional de Términos Jurídicos with the permission of the United Nations Office at Geneva.  4, record 36, English, - domestic%20jurisdiction

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Juridiction [...] qui est de la compétence exclusive d'un État et sur laquelle il revendique et se réserve le droit exclusif d'agir, à l'exclusion de toute ingérence étrangère, puisqu'il considère qu'il est seul compétent à réglementer et contrôler les matières qui sont essentiellement du domaine de ses affaires intérieures.  2, record 36, French, - comp%C3%A9tence%20nationale

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 OBS

compétence nationale. Expression employée dans la Charte des Nations Unies et désignant les affaires dans lesquelles, aux termes de l'Article 2, par. 7, l'ONU n'est pas fondée à intervenir [...]  1, record 36, French, - comp%C3%A9tence%20nationale

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Reproduit de la Liste provisoire de termes juridiques se rapportant aux travaux de la Commission du droit international avec l'autorisation de l'Office des Nations Unies à Genève.  3, record 36, French, - comp%C3%A9tence%20nationale

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Según el párrafo 7 del artículo 2 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas ninguna disposición de la Carta autorizará a las Naciones Unidas "a intervenir en los asuntos que son esencialmente de la jurisdicción interna de los Estados".  1, record 36, Spanish, - jurisdicci%C3%B3n%20interna

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Reproducido del Glosario Provisional de Términos Jurídicos con la autorización de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra.  2, record 36, Spanish, - jurisdicci%C3%B3n%20interna

Record 37,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 OBS

contract  1, record 37, English, - enure%20to%20the%20benefit%20of

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 2 OBS

inure: to take effect  3, record 37, English, - enure%20to%20the%20benefit%20of

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 3 OBS

inure; enure. The former is the standard spelling in both legal and nonlegal texts. Inure=(1) to take effect, come into use; or(2) to make accustomed to something unpleasant; habituate. Sense(1) is the sense that usually appears in legal contexts :"The rule is well established that whenever a contract between attorney and client inures to the benefit or advantage of the attorney the court will not only closely scrutinize but will actually change the ordinary rules of evidence to arrive at a determination. "/"The damages must inure to the exclusive benefit of the widow and children. "The noun is ’inurement’.  2, record 37, English, - enure%20to%20the%20benefit%20of

Record 37,  Textual support,  French

Record 37,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 38,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In its generic sense,... a body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority, and having binding legal force.  2, record 38, English, - law

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

the law  3, record 38, English, - law

Record 38,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ensemble de règles qui gouvernent en tout ou en partie l'activité humaine sur le plan social.  2, record 38, French, - droit

Record 38,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 39,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 OBS

"Interpretation" and "construction" are often used synonymously, but there is an abstract distinction between the two terms. "Interpretation" is used with respect to language or symbols themselves, while "construction" is used to determine, not the sense of the words or symbols but the legal meaning of the entire text.  2, record 39, English, - liberally%20construe

Record 39,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le fait de la doctrine d'interpréter librement un texte de loi ne peut se substituer à l'existence d'une jurisprudence. Raisonner autrement serait méconnaître l'objet et le but de cette disposition, qui veut que nul ne soit condamné arbitrairement.  1, record 39, French, - interpr%C3%A9ter%20librement

Record 39,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 40,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In order to speak of a "treaty" in the generic sense, an instrument has to meet various criteria. First of all, it has to be a binding instrument, which means that the contracting parties intended to create legal rights and duties. Secondly, the instrument must be concluded by states or international organizations with treaty-making power.  3, record 40, English, - international%20legally%20binding%20instrument

Record 40,  Textual support,  French

Record 40,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 OBS

instrumento jurídico con fuerza de obligar: Expresión reproducida del Glosario Provisional de Términos Jurídicos con la autorización de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra.  3, record 40, Spanish, - instrumento%20internacional%20jur%C3%ADdicamente%20vinculante

Record 41,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The rules underlying the principle of international responsibility are the complement of all other rules of international law. They transform otherwise admonitory precepts into legal norms and, in this sense, may also be described... as sanctions of international law. It is the function of these rules to determine the legal consequences of the breach of any of the other rules of international law, be they those of treaties, international customary law or general principles of law recognised by civilised nations.  1, record 41, English, - international%20responsibility

Record 41,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Obligation incombant, selon le droit international, à l'État auquel est imputable un acte ou une omission contraire à ses obligations internationales, d'en fournir réparation à l'État qui en a été victime en lui-même ou dans la personne ou les biens de ses ressortissants.  1, record 41, French, - responsabilit%C3%A9%20internationale

Record 41,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] institución dirigida a la restauración del ordenamiento internacional [...] ante aquellas conductas lesivas [...] atribuibles a determinados sujetos internacionales - bien Estados u organizaciones internacionales -, que conllevan la obligación de reparación.  1, record 41, Spanish, - responsabilidad%20internacional

Record 42,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The term "legal obligation", in this wider sense, designates any obligation not resulting from the will of those who are subject to it.  1, record 42, English, - legal%20obligation

Record 42,  Textual support,  French

Record 42,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 43,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Escrow, recorded as a verb from 1949, is now common in American legal writing in the sense "to put into escrow".(Garner, 1987, p. 222).  3, record 43, English, - escrow

Record 43,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 OBS

délivrer sous condition : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  3, record 43, French, - d%C3%A9livrer%20sous%20condition

Record 43,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 44,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

"Jurisdiction" also means the district or limits within which the judgments or orders of the court can be enforced or executed. In this sense, the term is used to refer to particular legal systems, as in "the law varies in different jurisdictions", and to territorial entities.  2, record 44, English, - civil%20law%20jurisdiction

Record 44,  Textual support,  French

Record 44,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 45,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 OBS

writ: a document issued out of a court in the name of Her Majesty, commanding the person to whom it is addressed to do or forbear from doing some act.  1, record 45, English, - writ%20of%20attachment

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 2 OBS

attachment : the seizure of property for the purpose of placing it in the control of the court.... Sometimes the term is used in the sense of the attachment of debts, and when so used the phrase means the legal process by which debts due or to become due to a debtor by other persons are seized for the benefit of the judgment creditor.  1, record 45, English, - writ%20of%20attachment

Record 45,  Textual support,  French

Record 45,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 46,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 OBS

in a legal sense  2, record 46, English, - meritorious

Record 46,  Textual support,  French

Record 46,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 47,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[State] that possesses freedom to direct and control its foreign relations without restraint from other States.  4, record 47, English, - sovereign%20state

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In a practical sense, sovereignty is also largely a matter of degree. Some States enjoy more power and independence than other States. This leads to the familiar distinction between independent or sovereign States, and non-independent or non-sovereign States or entities, for example, Protectorates and colonies. Even here it is difficult to draw the line, for although a State may have accepted important restrictions on its liberty of action, on other respects it may enjoy the widest possible freedom. "Sovereignty" is therefore a term of art rather than a legal expression capable of precise definition.  5, record 47, English, - sovereign%20state

Record 47,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Une évolution significative s'est produite toutefois, à laquelle les arguments des adversaires de la souveraineté n'étaient pas étrangers. Tout en reconnaissant celle-ci, la tendance constante du droit contemporain est en outre de l'assimiler à l'indépendance de l'État. Les deux termes souveraineté et indépendance sont désormais, soit accouplés, soit considérés comme synonymes et interchangeables. Dans l'affaire de l'île Palmas, l'arbitre Max Huber déclare expressément : «La souveraineté dans les relations entre États signifie son indépendance». Dans son arrêt rendu dans l'affaire du Lotus, la C.P.J.I. [Cour perm. de Justice int.] confond aussi visiblement «État indépendant» et «État souverain» [...]. De nombreux auteurs préfèrent même s'en tenir à l'indépendance, terme moins ambigu que celui de souveraineté parce qu'il n'évoque pas d'emblée l'idée d'omnipotence.  2, record 47, French, - %C3%89tat%20souverain

Record 47,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 48,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 DEF

One having opposing parties; contested, as distinguished from an "ex parte" hearing or proceeding. One of which the party seeking relief has given legal notice to the other party, and afforded the latter an opportunity to contest it.  2, record 48, English, - adversary%20proceeding

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 OBS

"Adversary", which can act as both noun and adjective, is the legal term used in phrases such as an "adversary relationship". E. g., "The need to develop all relevant facts in the adversary system is both fundamental and comprehensive. ""Adversarial" is not listed in any dictionary, though it is fairly common in place of the adjective "adversary". E. g., "Rarely does this type of adversarial("read adversary") relationship exist between school authorities and pupils. "... In some contexts, "adversarial" connotes animosity(adversarial conferences), whereas "adversary" is a neutral, clinical word... "Adversarial" may develop a differentiation in sense that will justify its existence; until that time, it is best avoided.  3, record 48, English, - adversary%20proceeding

Record 48,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Procédure dans laquelle le demandeur et le défendeur ont déposé des conclusions.  1, record 48, French, - proc%C3%A9dure%20contradictoire

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Contradictoire : [...] s'oppose parfois à «par défaut» et à «réputé contradictoire».  2, record 48, French, - proc%C3%A9dure%20contradictoire

Record 48,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 49,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... the merging of two or more entire municipalities resulting in one new municipality.  3, record 49, English, - amalgamation

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 OBS

"Consolidation" is sometimes used in a general sense as a synonym, or an explanation, of "amalgamation", but cannot replace it in a legal sense when referring to municipalities.  3, record 49, English, - amalgamation

Record 49,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] intégration en une collectivité unique de [municipalités] précédemment autonomes.  2, record 49, French, - fusion

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En français, l'emploi d'«amalgamation» dans ce sens est fautif.  2, record 49, French, - fusion

Record 49,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 50,  Textual support,  English

Record 50,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Commission des relations de travail dans la fonction publique.  1, record 50, French, - au%20sens%20juridique

Record 50,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 51,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The sources of international law. There is innate in man a consciousness of right and wrong, regulating his behaviour towards his fellows, the recognition of the requirement to "co-exist" with them on a reasonable footing. Human society, on the other hand, cannot function without a certain number of binding rules of conduct which must be such as to enable it to avoid bellum omnium contra omnes. These factors are the underlying causes of the birth of law in any human community. The accent may be laid on one or other of these fundamental elements, but the two are always present. These are the "sources" of the law in their philosophical, psychological, sociological connotation, the "material" sources.... The concrete ways and means, the "formal" sources of the law, differ from community to community : they are not the same in secular as in ecclesiastical communities, nor in national as in international society. These "formal" sources,... necessarily reflect the nature and structure of the community concerned : they appear as custom, legislation, bye-laws, national case law, papal bulls, treaties, resolutions of international bodies, etc., as the case may be. There is still a third sense in which the expression "sources" is used in respect of law; in this sense the metaphor does not refer to the basic or to the "formal" origins of legal rules, but to the documents and writings in which they can be found, just as in another field historians work with their "sources". These are not, of course, genuine sources of the law.  2, record 51, English, - sources%20of%20international%20law

Record 51,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ces sources englobent les sources matérielles (ensemble des éléments auxquels se rattache la formation des règles du droit international, c'est-à-dire les sources du droit des gens, la conscience juridique commune, les principes et les faits qui expliquent l'origine profonde de l'apparition des règles juridiques) et les sources formelles (qui extériorisent, qui expriment les règles de droit), c'est-à-dire les quatre catégories de sources que la CIJ [Cour internationale de Justice] utilise pour déterminer le droit applicable aux différends dont elle est saisie.  1, record 51, French, - sources%20du%20droit%20international

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Reproduit de la Liste provisoire de termes juridiques se rapportant aux travaux de la Commission du droit international avec l'autorisation de l'Office des Nations Unies à Genève.  2, record 51, French, - sources%20du%20droit%20international

Record 51,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 52,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the legal sense, belligerency means war, or a situation of conflict by armed force in which all the participants are legally equal in respect to the hostilities. This implies that all belligerents are bound to observe the laws of war, are free to exercise war powers, and are entitled to expect from other states observance of the law of neutrality.  1, record 52, English, - belligerency

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 OBS

While properly applied to international hostilities of this type, the term is more commonly applied to such hostilities arising from civil strife. Belligerency is to be distinguished from piracy brigandage, from insurgency, and from aggression.  1, record 52, English, - belligerency

Record 52,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Situation d'un pays en état de guerre.  1, record 52, French, - bellig%C3%A9rance

Record 52,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 53,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 53, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Adversary, which can act as both noun and adjective, is the legal term used in phrases such as an adversary relationship. Adversarial is not listed in any dictionary, though it is fairly common in place of the adjective adversary. E. g., "Rarely does this type of adversarial(read adversary) relationship exist between school authorities and pupils. "... In some contexts, adversarial connotes animosity(adversarial conferences), whereas adversary is a neutral, clinical word... Adversarial may develop a differentiation in sense that will justify its existence; until that time, it is best avoided.  3, record 53, English, - adversary%20divorce

Record 53,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 53, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Divorce prononcé à la demande [...] d'un époux, soit aux torts exclusifs de l'un [...], soit aux torts partagés [...]  1, record 53, French, - divorce%20pour%20faute

Record 53,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 54,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Adversary, which can act as both noun and adjective, is the legal term used in phrases such as "an adversary relationship". E. g., "The need to develop all relevant facts in the "adversary" system is both fundamental and comprehensive". "Adversarial" is not listed in any dictionary, though it is fairly common in place of the adjective "adversary". E. g., "Rarely does this type of "adversarial"("read adversary") relationship exist between school authorities and pupils".... In some contexts, "adversarial" connotes animosity(adversarial conferences), whereas adversary is a neutral, clinical word... "Adversarial" may develop a differentiation in sense that will justify its existence; until that time, it is best avoided.  4, record 54, English, - adversary%20principle

Record 54,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Principe directeur du procès (qui est l'essence même du procès contentieux et la base des droits de la défense) en vertu duquel nulle partie ne peut être jugée sans avoir été entendue ou appelée [...]. Synonyme : principe du contradictoire.  3, record 54, French, - principe%20de%20la%20contradiction

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cette analyse qui renforcerait l'effet «erga omnes» des arrêts de la Cour porterait atteinte au principe du contradictoire et au respect des droits de la défense. (Revue de la Concurrence et de la Consommation 42, 3/4.88, page 34)  4, record 54, French, - principe%20de%20la%20contradiction

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 OBS

contradictoire : [...] s'oppose parfois à «par défaut» et à «réputé contradictoire»  3, record 54, French, - principe%20de%20la%20contradiction

Record 54,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 55,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The creditor under a contract of guaranty, being the person to whom the principal debtor is primarily liable and to whom the guarantor is secondarily liable.  2, record 55, English, - guarantee

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Both "guarantee" and "guarantor" have filled the role of agent noun for the verb "to guarantee". These words have shared the sense "one who makes a guaranty or gives a security, "but today "guarantor" has taken the field, rendering "guarantee" in this sense but a needless variant. Oddly, "guarantee" has been used not only as an equivalent of "guarantor", but also as a passive correlative of it consistently with other forms in-EE. Thus the OED quotes the following specimen of "guarantee"(=a person to whom a "guarantee" is given)/"Guarantors are believed by the "guarantee" being compelled, if one is ready to pay the whole, to sell him the debt of the others. "This use of "guarantee" may be useful in tandem with-or, but the actual occurrences of it in legal prose are rare.  3, record 55, English, - guarantee

Record 55,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Celui, celle à qui est due l'exécution d'une obligation et spécialement le paiement d'une somme d'argent.  2, record 55, French, - cr%C3%A9ancier

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Le cautionnement est le contrat par lequel une personne, appelée caution, promet au créancier d'une obligation, d'y satisfaire si le débiteur ne la remplit pas lui-même.  3, record 55, French, - cr%C3%A9ancier

Record 55,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 56,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 56, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Equity in the sense of fairness is frequently opposed to law and legality, because that which is fair does not always constitute a legal claim or defence. Hence, when a legal rule or remedy is capable of two interpretations or applications, one literal or restrictive, and the other liberal(that is, calculated to make the rule or remedy operate fairly, and to extend its benefit to as many cases as possible), the latter is called the equitable construction or application.(Jowitt's, 2nd ed. 1977, p. 712).  1, record 56, English, - equitable

Record 56,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 56, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Équivalent français normalisé par le Comité de normalisation du PAJLO.  2, record 56, French, - %C3%A9quitable

Record 56,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 57,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 57, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Adversary, which can act as both noun and adjective, is the legal term used in phrases such as an adversary relationship.... Adversarial is not listed in any dictionary, though it is fairly common in place of the adjective adversary. E. g., "Rarely does this type of adversarial(read adversary) relationship exist between school authorities and pupils". In some contexts, adversarial connotes animosity(adversarial conferences), whereas adversary is a neutral, clinical word... Adversarial may develop a differentiation in sense that will justify its existence; until that time, it is best avoided.  1, record 57, English, - adversary%20relationship

Record 57,  Textual support,  French

Record 57,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 58,  Textual support,  French

Record 58,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 59,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 59, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Legal or officially sanctioned trade in ration coupons, etc., to discourage illegal transactions or the emergence of a black market.  1, record 59, English, - white%20market

Record number: 59, Textual support number: 1 OBS