TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Undivided co-ownership exists when more than one person owns the same home. No legal transaction is required. For example, undivided co-ownership can be formed from an inheritance. In an undivided co-ownership, each co-owner has a share over the entire property. There is no "private portion" like in a condo. In other words, everybody has the same rights to all parts of the property.  2, record 1, English, - share

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La quote-part étant ni droit ni objet de droit, elle est une quantité, une mesure. Elle est issue du fractionnement des intérêts dans le titre de propriété et non pas de la division du droit ou de la division matérielle (physique) ou intellectuelle de l'objet. Lorsqu'un indivisaire agit pour sa part, il agit dans la mesure de ses intérêts dans la propriété du bien.  2, record 1, French, - quote%2Dpart

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A legal action taken in confirming the refusal of a party to accept its obligation to a transaction or an order.  3, record 2, English, - protest

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

protest: term and definition standardized by ISO in 1993.  4, record 2, English, - protest

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Acte authentique par lequel le porteur d'un effet de commerce fait constater que le tiré ne l'a pas accepté ou qu'il ne l'a pas payé à l'échéance.  3, record 2, French, - prot%C3%AAt

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

protêt : terme normalisé par l'ISO en 1993.  4, record 2, French, - prot%C3%AAt

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Declaración formal efectuada por notario, a requerimiento del tenedor de un pagaré o cheque, para hacer constar la falta de aceptación o la falta de pago a su vencimiento, para que no se perjudiquen los derechos y acciones entre las personas que han intervenido en el giro o en sus endosos.  1, record 2, Spanish, - protesto

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A holiday established by legal authority and marked by restrictions on work and transaction of official business.  6, record 3, English, - legal%20holiday

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Jour de fête civile ou religieuse fixé par la loi, et pendant lequel le travail est généralement suspendu.  6, record 3, French, - jour%20f%C3%A9ri%C3%A9

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

congé férié : Le terme «congé férié» est une impropriété, car c'est le jour qui est férié, et non le congé.  5, record 3, French, - jour%20f%C3%A9ri%C3%A9

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Día no laborable a causa de una celebración eclesiástica o civil.  6, record 3, Spanish, - d%C3%ADa%20festivo

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

fiesta: designación y definición extraídas del CAPITAL Business Dictionary con la autorización de LID Editorial Empresarial.  7, record 3, Spanish, - d%C3%ADa%20festivo

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A real estate lawyer is a legal professional specializing in matters related to property law. Their primary role is to provide comprehensive legal guidance and representation throughout the various stages of a real estate transaction.  1, record 4, English, - real%20estate%20lawyer

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un avocat spécialisé en immobilier est un professionnel agréé qui traite des transactions et des documents juridiques au nom des acheteurs et des vendeurs de propriétés.  1, record 4, French, - avocat%20sp%C3%A9cialis%C3%A9%20en%20immobilier

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An item containing information, in any medium, created or received, and maintained as evidence and information by NATO, in pursuit of legal obligations, and to document NATO missions, NATO decision-making processes or transaction of business.  1, record 5, English, - NATO%20record

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

NATO record: designation and definition standardized by NATO.  2, record 5, English, - NATO%20record

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ressource informationnelle, quel qu'en soit le support, qui est créée ou reçue et conservée à titre de preuve et d'information par l'OTAN dans l'exercice de ses obligations juridiques et qui rend compte des missions, des procédures décisionnelles [ou] des activités de l'organisation.  1, record 5, French, - document%20OTAN

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

document OTAN : désignation et définition normalisées par l'OTAN.  2, record 5, French, - document%20OTAN

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the case of chattels, such a postponement [of payment or delivery] does not prevent the property or ownership from passing from the seller to the buyer, provided that the thing sold is existent and ascertained, and that the contract of sale fulfils the legal requisites and therefore the "sale" is complete as soon as the contract has been entered into : such a transaction is called a bargain and sale or an executed contract of sale, although the contract has not been performed.  1, record 6, English, - executed%20contract%20of%20sale

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Any transaction whereby one economic unit unites with or obtains control over another economic unit regardless of the legal avenue by which such control is obtained and regardless of the form of the economic unit emerging from the transaction.  4, record 7, English, - business%20combination

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A conglomerate business combination involves economic units operating in widely different industries. A horizontal business combination involves economic units whose products are similar. A vertical business combination involves economic units where the output from one can be used as input for the other.  4, record 7, English, - business%20combination

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 OBS

merger. Loosely, any business combination.  5, record 7, English, - business%20combination

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Opération par laquelle une entreprise s'unit à une autre ou plusieurs autres entreprises ou s'assure le contrôle de l'actif d'une ou de plusieurs autres entreprises.  3, record 7, French, - regroupement%20d%27entreprises

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le regroupement peut s'effectuer juridiquement de différentes façons et aboutir soit à la création d'une nouvelle entité qui acquiert l'actif et prend en charge le passif des entreprises regroupées, soit à l'absorption d'une ou de plusieurs entreprises par une entreprise existante. Selon la façon dont le regroupement s'est effectué, il peut constituer soit une «acquisition», soit une «mise en commun d'intérêts».  3, record 7, French, - regroupement%20d%27entreprises

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Once all these matters have been agreed to the satisfaction of the parties, they are said to have reached agreement "subject to contract". The agreement will not be binding until there has been a formal exchange of contracts. This means that, although the parties have agreed in principle and may have spent significant sums of money on legal fees, search fees, fees to the lender, either party may withdraw from the transaction.  2, record 8, English, - agreement%20subject%20to%20contract

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

entente sous réserve de contrat : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 8, French, - entente%20sous%20r%C3%A9serve%20de%20contrat

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An unsecured transaction is predicated on the borrower's promise to repay the loan or debt to the lender. In the event that the borrower defaults and is foreclosed, the lender is obliged to recoup his loss by pursuing the borrower through legal action.  2, record 9, English, - unsecured%20transaction

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

transaction non garantie : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l’accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 9, French, - transaction%20non%20garantie

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

There are two basic legal remedies involved in a situation of non-closing [of transaction]-namely an action for damages and an action for specific performance.  2, record 10, English, - action%20for%20specific%20performance

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A person is said to be a stranger to a transaction when he takes no part in it, or no part producing any legal effect. Thus a person who is not a party to a deed, contract, etc., is said to be a stranger to it. So when a promise is made to a person, but he has neither taken any trouble or charge upon himself, nor conferred any benefit on the promisor, but the trouble has been sustained or benefit conferred by another, the promisee is said to be a stranger to the consideration.  2, record 11, English, - stranger%20to%20the%20consideration

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An unconscionable transaction is one in which no right-minded person would ever make, and no fair-minded person would ever accept. To prove an unconscionable transaction one must prove that : 1. the bargain was made without regard to one's future 2. there was an inequality in the bargaining position of the two parties.(Managing the Law : The Legal Aspects of Doing Business, McInnes et al. p 116).  2, record 12, English, - unconscionable%20transaction

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The First Nation relies on La Forest J’s reference in this case to Morrison v. Coast Finance Ltd... in which the factors of an unconscionable transaction ...  3, record 12, English, - unconscionable%20transaction

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Alexis First Nation Inquiry TransAlta Utilities Rights of Way Claim (March 2003).  3, record 12, English, - unconscionable%20transaction

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La Première Nation se fonde sur la mention que fait le juge La Forest de la décision Morrison c. Coast Finance Ltd. [...] dans laquelle sont décrit les facteurs d'une transaction déraisonnable [...]  2, record 12, French, - transaction%20d%C3%A9raisonnable

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Enquête sur la revendication de la Première Nation d'Alexis relative aux emprises accordées à TransAlta Utilities (Mars 2003).  2, record 12, French, - transaction%20d%C3%A9raisonnable

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The First Nation argues that if, as we have found, the Alexis Band was vulnerable in its dealings with Calgary Power, the legal burden of proof shifts to the more powerful party to establish the providence of the transaction, citing as authority the Supreme Court of Canada's case of Norberg...  2, record 13, English, - legal%20burden%20of%20proof

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Alexis First Nation Inquiry TransAlta Utilities Rights of Way Claim (March 2003).  2, record 13, English, - legal%20burden%20of%20proof

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Enquête sur la revendication de la Première Nation d'Alexis relative aux emprises accordées à TransAlta Utilities (Mars 2003).  2, record 13, French, - fardeau%20l%C3%A9gal%20de%20preuve

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A purchase agreement is a legal document that outlines the terms and conditions connected with a transaction that includes the act of purchasing goods or services.  3, record 14, English, - based%20on%20a%20purchase%20contract

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A person who takes part in a legal transaction or proceeding is said to be a party to it. Thus, if an agreement, conveyance, lease, or the like, is entered between A and B, they are said to be parties to it;...(Jowitt, 2nd ed., 1977, p. 1321).  1, record 15, English, - party

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

partie : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 15, French, - partie

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Notice of certain facts that may be discovered by diligence or inquiry into a public record; a legal presumption that a person is responsible for knowing these facts. The proper recording of a document gives constructive notice to the world of the document's existence and contents. Possession of property also imparts constructive notice of the rights of the party in possession. Examples of rights of parties in possession would be rights under an unrecorded deed, contract for deed, lease-option, and rights of adverse possession. Constructive notice is also referred to as legal notice, in contrast to actual notice, which is express or direct knowledge acquired in the course of a transaction.(Reilly, 2nd ed., 1982, p. 100).  1, record 16, English, - constructive%20notice

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

connaissance de droit : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 16, French, - connaissance%20de%20droit

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Mauss's aim was to show that exchange in primitive societies was a total social fact because, apart from the simple form of the transaction, generalized exchange touched on many social mechanisms including the religious, economic, judicial, and moral mechanism. A total social fact, according to Mauss, therefore always concerns the whole of society and its institutions : economic, political, religious, legal, etc.  1, record 17, English, - total%20social%20fact

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] phénomène qui met en branle la totalité de la société et de ses institutions.  1, record 17, French, - fait%20social%20total

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] dans la théorie du fait social total, la notion de totalité est moins importante que la manière très particulière dont Mauss la conçoit [...] instance privilégiée qu'on peut appréhender au niveau de l'observation, dans des occasions bien déterminées, quand se mettent en branle la totalité de la société et de ses institutions.  1, record 17, French, - fait%20social%20total

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The investigation and determination by a court of the legal validity of an act, decision, instrument or transaction, of a question of "vires", jurisdiction, concerning an obligation to observe the rules of natural justice or "act fairly", or concerning principles which should be observed when statutory discretion is exercised. S. A. DeSmith, "Judicial Review of Administrative Action", 4th ed., by J. M. Evans(London : Stevens, 1980) at 26.  4, record 18, English, - judicial%20review

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Poder de un tribunal de declarar anticonstitucionales los actos del poder legislativo.  3, record 18, Spanish, - revisi%C3%B3n%20judicial

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La revisión judicial se interpreta de diversas formas [...] En aquellos sistemas legales que cuentan con un Tribunal Constitucional y una constitución por escrito, este concepto incluye frecuentemente el poder de un tribunal de revisar la constitucionalidad de una ley o de un acto oficial llevado a cabo por un empleado o agente gubernamental. El tribunal tiene la potestad de revocar dicha ley, anular el acto del poder ejecutivo u ordenar a un funcionario público que se conduzca de cierta forma si estima que la ley o el acto en cuestión son inconstitucionales. En el Reino Unido, se refiere a la potestad de los tribunales de declarar que las acciones de los entes gubernamentales son contrarias a la ley o que violan la Convención Europea de Derechos Humanos [...]  4, record 18, Spanish, - revisi%C3%B3n%20judicial

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In accounting for leases, the costs incurred by the lessor that are directly associated with negotiating and executing a specific leasing transaction, e. g., commissions, legal fees and costs of preparing and processing documents for new leases.  3, record 19, English, - initial%20leasing%20costs

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Compare with "executory costs."  4, record 19, English, - initial%20leasing%20costs

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Frais directement reliés à la négociation et à la finalisation d'un contrat de location.  1, record 19, French, - co%C3%BBts%20initiaux%20de%20location

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ces frais comprennent les commissions, les frais juridiques et les coûts qu'entraînent la préparation et la rédaction des documents ayant trait au contrat de location.  1, record 19, French, - co%C3%BBts%20initiaux%20de%20location

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A person or entity named by another to act on its behalf.  2, record 20, English, - nominee

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A nominee is commonly used in a securities transaction to obtain registration and legal ownership of a security.  2, record 20, English, - nominee

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Personne physique ou morale désignée par une autre pour agir en son nom.  2, record 20, French, - repr%C3%A9sentant

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dans ce sens, le terme anglais [...] est très large et peut comprendre même le mandataire ou le prête-nom.  1, record 20, French, - repr%C3%A9sentant

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The optional joinder of parties if(1) their claims or the claims asserted against them are asserted jointly, severally, or in respect of the same transaction or occurrence, and(2) any legal or factual question common to all of them will arise.  2, record 21, English, - permissive%20joinder

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Permissive joinder. All persons may join in one action as plaintiffs if they assert any right to relief jointly, severally, or in the alternative in respect of or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences and if any question of law or fact common to all these persons will arise in the action.  3, record 21, English, - permissive%20joinder

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Pièce écrite ou proposition orale soumise à des formes légales constatant un fait, une convention ou obligation.  2, record 22, French, - acte%20juridique

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Hecho humano producido por una voluntad consciente, libre y exteriorizada que produce efectos jurídicos.  3, record 22, Spanish, - acto%20jur%C3%ADdico

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Reproducido del Glosario Provisional de Términos Jurídicos y del Law Terminology con la autorización de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra.  4, record 22, Spanish, - acto%20jur%C3%ADdico

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Once all these matters have been agreed to the satisfaction of the parties, they are said to have reached agreement "subject to contract". The agreement will not be binding until there has been a formal exchange of contracts. This means that, although the parties have agreed in principle and may have spent significant sums of money on legal fees, search fees, fees to the lender, either party may withdraw from the transaction.  2, record 23, English, - subject%20to%20contract

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The offeror's signature on the offer and the departmental representative's signature on the letter of award, together, create a binding contract which emphasizes the legal implications connected to letters of award in the context of a lease transaction.  2, record 24, English, - binding%20contract

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Terminology used by Citizenship and Immigration Canada.  3, record 24, English, - binding%20contract

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

contrat obligatoire : Terminologie employée par Citoyenneté et Immigration Canada.  3, record 24, French, - contrat%20obligatoire

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 2 OBS

La signature de l'offrant et la signature d'un représentant du Ministère sur la lettre d'adjudication, ensemble, créent un engagement contractuel irrévocable qui fait ressortir les répercussions juridiques liées aux lettres d'adjudication dans le contexte d'une transaction menant à la signature d'un bail.  4, record 24, French, - contrat%20obligatoire

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A form of stamp duty applied to certain legal instruments. The duty is based on a percentage of the consideration for the transaction effected by the instrument.  2, record 25, English, - ad%20valorem%20duty

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

There are basically two types of duties, ad valorem and fixed duties. An ad valorem duty depends on the quantum of consideration while the fixed duty does not depend on the consideration involved. Documents arising from mergers and acquisition, excluding those exempt from tax, would attract ad valorem duty.  3, record 25, English, - ad%20valorem%20duty

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The offeror's signature on the offer and the departmental representative's signature on the letter of award, together, create a binding contract which emphasizes the legal implications connected to letters of award in the context of a lease transaction.  2, record 26, English, - offeror%26rsquo%3Bs%20signature

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La signature de l'offrant et la signature d'un représentant du Ministère sur la lettre d'adjudication, ensemble, créent un engagement contractuel irrévocable qui fait ressortir les répercussions juridiques liées aux lettres d'adjudication dans le contexte d'une transaction menant à la signature d'un bail.  2, record 26, French, - signature%20de%20l%27offrant

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A typical grain transaction may begin simply with an exchange of teletype messages or a conversation between a seller and a buyer. However simple its beginnings, each transaction results in a formal legal document of several pages in length.(...) There are five key terms in every grain transaction : quantity, quality, shipping period, price and port(s) of loading or discharge. These are almost always agreed on before any written documents are prepared.  1, record 27, English, - shipping%20period

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An accounting rule which consists of presenting in the financial statements the economic substance of a transaction rather than its legal form.  3, record 28, English, - substance%20over%20form%20principle

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

En comptabilité, principe voulant que les opérations et les faits soient comptabilisés et présentés d'une manière qui exprime leur substance ou la réalité économique qui les sous-tend plutôt que leur forme juridique. En vérification (audit, révision), ce principe oblige le professionnel comptable à s'assurer que l'entité a bien comptabilisé la substance de toutes les opérations et de tous les faits plutôt que tenu compte de leur seule forme.  2, record 28, French, - principe%20de%20la%20primaut%C3%A9%20de%20la%20substance%20sur%20la%20forme

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A transaction whereby one economic unit unites with or obtains control over another economic unit regardless of the legal avenue by which such control is obtained... and which involves economic units where the output from one can be used as input for the other.  2, record 29, English, - vertical%20business%20combination

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Compare with «horizontal business combination».  3, record 29, English, - vertical%20business%20combination

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Regroupement d'entreprises ou d'unités de production qui se situent à des stades différents de l'activité de production, souvent depuis l'acquisition de la matière première et son traitement jusqu'à la vente du produit fini.  1, record 29, French, - concentration%20verticale

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La concentration verticale se produit quand il y a regroupement de plusieurs stades de l'élaboration et de la commercialisation d'un produit. Les extrants d'une unité de production peuvent servir d'intrants pour une autre unité de production. Suivant la position initiale de l'entreprise, on distingue la «concentration verticale en amont» de la «concentration verticale en aval».  1, record 29, French, - concentration%20verticale

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish