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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Monogenic non-syndromic obesity is described as rare and severe early onset obesity associated with endocrine disorders. It is mainly due to mutations in genes of the leptin/melanocortin pathway...  1, record 1, English, - monogenic%20non%2Dsyndromic%20obesity

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Obésités monogéniques non syndromiques. L'impact de la génétique est ici majeur et très peu dépendant des facteurs environnementaux. Ces obésités sont principalement causées par des mutations dans les gènes de la voie leptine-mélanocortines qui joue un rôle clé dans le contrôle de la prise alimentaire [...]  1, record 1, French, - ob%C3%A9sit%C3%A9%20monog%C3%A9nique%20non%20syndromique

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Appetite regulation is part of a feedback system that controls the energy balance, involving a complex interplay of hunger and satiety signals, produced in the hypothalamus as well as in peripheral organs.  2, record 2, English, - appetite%20regulation

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 CONT

A variety of hormones are involved in appetite regulation including both episodic hormones, which are responsive to episodes of feeding, and tonic hormones, which are important regulators of energy storage over the longer term(e. g., insulin and leptin). Notable among the episodic appetite-regulating hormones is ghrelin, which plays a unique role in stimulating appetite and energy intake.  3, record 2, English, - appetite%20regulation

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les principales hormones impliquées dans la régulation de l'appétit sont la ghréline, qui génère la sensation de faim, et la leptine, qui communique à votre cerveau que vous avez suffisamment mangé.  1, record 2, French, - r%C3%A9gulation%20de%20l%27app%C3%A9tit

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

As food enters the intestines for digestion, the peptide hormone cholecystokinin(CCK) stimulates the vagus nerve to send a satiety signal to the brain. The vagus nerve is therefore sensitive to stomach distension and CCK levels, as well as other factors related to food consumption. It communicates these satiety signals to the brain, and reduces food consumption. Other satiety signals operate over a longer time scale. The most important of these is the hormone leptin..., which is released mostly from adipose cells... The more fat in the cells, the more leptin is released into the bloodstream. When leptin reaches the brain, it signals that enough fat is stored throughout the body.  2, record 3, English, - satiety%20signal

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] après l'ingestion d'aliments, les adipocytes, cellules qui stockent les lipides, sécrètent et déversent dans la circulation la leptine, qui constitue sans doute un signal de satiété.  1, record 3, French, - signal%20de%20sati%C3%A9t%C3%A9

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Gene expression which is abnormally high.  2, record 4, English, - overexpression

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

We have also produced transgenic "skinny" mice that have hepatic overexpression of leptin(LepTg/+) and no adipocyte triglyceride stores, and are hypophagic and show increased insulin sensitivity.  3, record 4, English, - overexpression

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Expression génique plus élevée que la normale.  2, record 4, French, - surexpression

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les pathologies inhérentes aux trisomies ne sont pas dues à une modification de la séquence d'un gène mais à la surexpression de nombreux gènes dits «normaux». Cette surexpression concerne soit la totalité des gènes d'un chromosome entier soit, dans certains cas dits de trisomie partielle, celle d'un fragment de chromosome.  3, record 4, French, - surexpression

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Leptin was identified in 1994 as the product of a gene that is defective in an obese strain of mice, ob/ob. Injection of leptin into the obese mice led to a return to normal weight, a result that made news headlines way beyond the scientific press. Further studies have shown that weight loss is a complex process, involving impaired response to leptin or the leptin receptor.  1, record 5, English, - leptin

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Cytokine Bulletin, Summer 1996. Leptin, an Obesity Factor. Leptin was identified in 1994 as the product of a gene that is defective in an obese strain in INTERNET at the address mentioned in c.  2, record 5, English, - leptin

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Depuis l'isolement du gène ob en 1994, on a montré que son produit, baptisé leptine, peut corriger plusieurs types d'obésité chez la souris, liés ou non à une mutation de ce gène.  2, record 5, French, - leptine

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Le gène de la leptine serait bien associé aux formes extrêmes d'obésité humaine. Ce résultat est publié par les équipes du CNRS EP10 (Lille) et du service de nutrition de l'Hôtel-Dieu (Paris), alors que certaines observations commençaient à faire douter que ce gène, mis en cause dans un modèle murin d'obésité, ait un rôle dans l'affection chez l'homme. Comme la démonstration qui vient d'être apportée ne concerne que les obésités extrêmes, la question du déterminisme génétique reste toutefois ouverte pour les obésités " tout venant ".  3, record 5, French, - leptine

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish