TERMIUM Plus^®

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Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane, the smooth muscle ends plates, and secretory glands, causing the muscarinic effects of acetylcholine. These effects include bronchospasm, low pulmonary compliance, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, miosis, blurred vision, bradycardia, and hypersecretions of the oropharynx, conjunctivae, tracheobronchial tree, and gastrointestinal tract. Acetylcholine also binds to skeletal muscle end plates and synaptic ganglia, causing nicotinic effects. The nicotinic effects of acetylcholine include fasciculations, flaccid paralysis, tachycardia, and hypertension.  2, record 1, English, - nicotinic%20effect

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

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Les effets nicotiniques. Les récepteurs nicotiniques étant situés au niveau des synapses neuromusculaires des muscles striés, des synapses ganglionnaires du système nerveux autonome et des médullosurrénales, l'excès d'acétylcholine se manifeste par : des fasciculations musculaires et des crampes au point de contact avec le toxique, suivies d'une asthénie rapidement croissante par atteinte de la plaque motrice, évoluant vers une paralysie flasque des muscles striés et un arrêt respiratoire, [et] une mydriase rapide, accompagnée d'une tachycardie et une hypertension artérielle due à la stimulation des glandes surrénales.  2, record 1, French, - effet%20nicotinique

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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IMNM can present much like polymyositis and causes muscle cell death(necrosis) that leads to weakness of the skeletal muscles on both sides of the body(symmetrical), commonly those closest to the body's core(proximal), such as the hips, thighs, upper arms, shoulders, and neck.... IMNM may look the same as necrotizing myopathies, but they have other features that prove they are autoimmune.  1, record 2, English, - immune%2Dmediated%20necrotizing%20myopathy

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

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Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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We investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating protein accretion in meat-producing animals. Much of our research is designed to investigate the endocrine regulation of myogenesis and protein metabolism. We are studying the endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine roles of insulin-like growth factors... and the... binding proteins... in muscle development with emphasis on cell proliferation, differentiation, and myofibrillar protein metabolism.  1, record 3, English, - myofibrillar%20protein

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Myofibrillar component : The portion of a muscle cell that contains the muscle proteins responsible for muscle contraction.  2, record 3, English, - myofibrillar%20protein

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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Les conséquences d'un traitement par haute pression [0 à 300 MPa] ont été étudiées sur des protéines myofibrillaires extraites de viande de bœuf (Biceps Femoris).  2, record 3, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20myofibrillaire

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Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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A cell that is in between a fibroblast and a smooth muscle cell in differentiation.  2, record 4, English, - myofibroblast

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

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Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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The neuromuscular junction(NMJ) is the site of communication between motor nerve axons and muscle fibres. It is composed of four specialised cell types : motor neurons, Schwann cells, muscle fibres and the recently discovered kranocytes. The function of the NMJ is to transmit signals from the motor neuron to the skeletal muscle fibre quickly and reliably, to ensure precise control of skeletal muscle contraction and therefore voluntary movement.  1, record 5, English, - neuromuscular%20junction

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

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La jonction neuromusculaire est simplement le nom donné à la synapse entre l’axone des motoneurones et la fibre musculaire. Quand l’influx nerveux arrive au bout de l’axone, il fait sortir des milliers de petites vésicules remplies d’un neurotransmetteur appelé acétylcholine. L’acétylcholine ainsi libérée va se fixer sur à la surface de la fibre musculaire, à des endroits spécialisés où l’on retrouve une grande quantité de récepteurs à l’acétylcholine.  2, record 5, French, - jonction%20neuromusculaire

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

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A general term for cells contributing to heart muscle.  3, record 6, English, - cardiomyocyte

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One important type of cell that can be developed is the cardiomyocyte, the heart muscle cell that contracts to eject the blood out of the heart's main pumping chamber(the ventricule).  1, record 6, English, - cardiomyocyte

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

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Cellule musculaire cardiaque.  3, record 6, French, - cardiomyocyte

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Le muscle cardiaque est constitué de cellules, les cardiomyocytes, liés les uns aux autres par des disques intercalaires. Les embranchements des cardiomyocytes forment un réseau complexe tridimensionnel. Tous les cardiomyocytes sont capables de dépolarisations rythmiques spontanées.  4, record 6, French, - cardiomyocyte

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

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A vasoactive octapeptide produced by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme on angiotensin I [that] produces stimulation of vascular smooth muscle, promotes aldosterone production, and stimulates the sympathetic nervous system.  3, record 7, English, - angiotensin%20II

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Angiotensin II(Ang II) raises blood pressure(BP) by a number of actions, the most important ones being vasoconstriction, sympathetic nervous stimulation, increased aldosterone biosynthesis and renal actions. Other Ang II actions include induction of growth, cell migration, and mitosis of vascular smooth muscle cells, increased synthesis of collagen type I and III in fibroblasts, leading to thickening of the vascular wall and myocardium, and fibrosis.  4, record 7, English, - angiotensin%20II

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

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Dans le sang, la rénine réagit avec un substrat d'origine hépatique, l'angiotensinogène [...], pour donner l'angiotensine I, décapeptide dépourvu d'activité biologique. L'angiotensine I est ensuite transformée par une enzyme de conversion pour donner une octapeptide, l'angiotensine II, possédant plusieurs activités biologiques. L'angiotensine II est ensuite dégradée au niveau rénal par des angiotensinases, donnant des peptides inactifs (l'angiotensine III, heptapeptide, possède encore certaines propriétés biologiques, mais son activité est moindre comparée à celle de l'angiotensine II).  2, record 7, French, - angiotensine%20II

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Record 8,  Textual support,  English

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Dedifferentiation and proliferation of primery smooth muscle cell cultures from rat aorta have been studied as a model of the pathophysiology of arteriosclerotic lesions. Specific growth factors inducing dedifferentiation/proliferation have been identified.  2, record 8, English, - dedifferentiation

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

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Retour progressif de cellules différenciées vers l'état méristématique.  2, record 8, French, - d%C3%A9diff%C3%A9renciation%20cellulaire

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Elle peut être observée in situ sur la plante entière, par exemple lors de la formation de méristèmes adventifs. Elle est souvent favorisée par les conditions de la culture in vitro.  2, record 8, French, - d%C3%A9diff%C3%A9renciation%20cellulaire

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Record 9,  Textual support,  English

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The electrical current generated in a cell membrane of a nerve or muscle when effectively stimulated.  2, record 9, English, - action%20current

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

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Courant électrique généré par une stimulation à la surface d'un nerf ou d'un muscle.  2, record 9, French, - courant%20d%27action

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Record 10,  Textual support,  English

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The unit of motor activity formed by a motor nerve cell and its many innervated muscle fibers.  1, record 10, English, - motor%20unit

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

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Unité composée d'un motoneurone et des fibres musculaires qu'il innerve.  2, record 10, French, - unit%C3%A9%20motrice

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Chaque fibre musculaire ne reçoit qu'une terminaison nerveuse, mais un seul axone peut, par ramification, commander la contraction de plusieurs fibres musculaires. C'est pourquoi, concernant la motricité, l'élément clé est l'unité motrice qui représente l'ensemble des fibres musculaires innervées par un seul axone, donc un seul motoneurone.  1, record 10, French, - unit%C3%A9%20motrice

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Record 11,  Textual support,  English

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Both sodium and potassium ions are found in living tissue. They take part in many enzyme actions. In plants, the potassium ion is an important cation. Plants selectively absorb this ion from the soil.  4, record 11, English, - cation%20of%20potassium

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In higher animals potassium ions(K+) together with sodium ions act at cell membranes in transmitting electrochemical impulses in nerve and muscle fibres and in balancing the activity of food intake and waste removal from cells.  5, record 11, English, - cation%20of%20potassium

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Every cation is necessarily an ion; an ion must be either a cation or an ion.  2, record 11, English, - cation%20of%20potassium

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Chemical formula: K⁺  2, record 11, English, - cation%20of%20potassium

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

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Toutes les mers du globe renferment le cation potassium K+, mais la teneur (0,05 p. 100) est très inférieure à celle de son homologue Na+. Malgré sa dilution dans l'eau de mer, K+ peut être extrait industriellement par précipitation de sels peu solubles avec des réactifs tels que la dipicrylamine  3, record 11, French, - cation%20potassium%20K

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pluriel : des ions potassium et des cations potassium.  2, record 11, French, - cation%20potassium%20K

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Formule chimique : K⁺  2, record 11, French, - cation%20potassium%20K

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Record 12,  Textual support,  English

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Nisoldipine, a dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker, is used alone or with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, to treat hypertension, chronic stable angina pectoris, and Prinzmetal' s variant angina. Nisoldipine is similar to other peripheral vasodilators. Nisoldipine inhibits the influx of extra cellular calcium across the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes possibly by deforming the channel, inhibiting ion-control gating mechanisms, and/or interfering with the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.  1, record 12, English, - nisoldipine

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Active ingredient commonly sold under the name Sular.  2, record 12, English, - nisoldipine

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Chemical formula: C₂₀H₂₄N₂O₆  2, record 12, English, - nisoldipine

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

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Des canaux calciques potentiel-dépendants ont récemment été découverts dans des cellules de Kupffer isolées [...], et la nisoldipine, un inhibiteur calcique, diminue la phagocytose des particules dans le foie de rat conservé [...]  1, record 12, French, - nisoldipine

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Principe actif couramment commercialisé sous le nom de Sular.  2, record 12, French, - nisoldipine

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Formule chimique : C₂₀H₂₄N₂O₆  2, record 12, French, - nisoldipine

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Record 13,  Textual support,  English

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Rickets and osteomalacia are diseases characterized by defective bone and cartilage mineralization in children and bone mineralization in adults. The abnormal calcification of cartilage occurs at epiphyseal growth plates, which also exhibit delayed maturation of the cartilage cellular sequence and disorganization of cell arrangement.... The clinical features of rickets, although variable to some degree according to the underlying disorder, are primarily related to skeletal pain and deformity, bone fractures, slipped epiphyses, and abnormalities of growth. In addition, hypocalcemia, when present, may be severe enough to produce tetany, laryngeal spasm, and seizures. In infants and young children, symptoms include listlessness, irritability, and, in some forms of metabolic rickets, profound hypotonia and proximal muscle weakness.  1, record 13, English, - rickets

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

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C'est une ostéomalacie : défaut de minéralisation par absence de dépôts de sels de calcium au niveau de la trame protéïque de l'os. C'est la conséquence d'une carence en dérivés actifs de la vitamine D.  2, record 13, French, - rachitisme

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En fonction de la dose minimale de vitamine D pour la guérison du rachitisme, on distingue : - Le rachitisme carentiel vitamino sensible, - Les rachitismes vitamino-résistants.  2, record 13, French, - rachitisme

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Record 14,  Textual support,  English

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Differentiation is the process by which an unspecialized cell becomes specialized into one of the many cells that make up the body, such as a heart, liver, or muscle cell. During differentiation, certain genes are turned on, or become activated, while other genes are switched off, or inactivated. This process is intricately regulated. As a result, a differentiated cell will develop specific structures and perform certain functions.  2, record 14, English, - differentiated%20cell

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

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[...] cellule spécialisée au niveau morphologique ou physiologique.  1, record 14, French, - cellule%20diff%C3%A9renci%C3%A9e

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Célula plenamente madura, que se diferencia de otras células del cuerpo en virtud de su forma y función específicas.  1, record 14, Spanish, - c%C3%A9lula%20diferenciada

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A relatively common, usually benign neoplasm whose cells have a granular appearance under light microscopy; found throughout the body, but most commonly in the oral cavity, especially the tongue, and sometimes occurring as mutiple tumors.  2, record 15, English, - granular%20cell%20tumor

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Originally named "granular cell myoblastoma" because of postulated muscle cell origin, which has now been disproven.  2, record 15, English, - granular%20cell%20tumor

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

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Processus tumoral (tumeur) généralement bénin, rare, qui siège sous la peau ou les muqueuses, essentiellement sur la langue.  4, record 15, French, - tumeur%20%C3%A0%20cellules%20granuleuses

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L'examen microscopique rélève la constitution de la tumeur d'Abrikossoff. Il s'agit de grosses cellules possédant la capacité de contenir des grains éosinophiles (c'est-a-dire mis en évidence grâce à l'utilisation d'un colorant : l'éosine).  4, record 15, French, - tumeur%20%C3%A0%20cellules%20granuleuses

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 2 OBS

[La] tumeur à cellules granuleuses d'Abrikossof [...] est d'histogénèse controversée malgré les progrès de l'immunohistochimie, comme en témoignent les appellations de schawnnome, de myoblastome à cellules granuleuses.  3, record 15, French, - tumeur%20%C3%A0%20cellules%20granuleuses

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Record 16,  Textual support,  English

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Satellite cells are small cells around each muscle fiber. They are progenitors of muscle fibers: they are able to divide and regenerate muscle fibers.  3, record 16, English, - satellite%20cell

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myoblast :“Satellite cell” and “myosatellite cell”are terms used interchangeably to designate an in vivo quiescent [inactive] myoblast that resides adjacent to the muscle fiber.  2, record 16, English, - satellite%20cell

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

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Les cellules satellites assurent la croissance des fibres musculaires en maintenant le rapport entre les unités de transcription (noyaux ajoutés au fur et à mesure de la croissance des fibres multinucléées) et le volume des fibres.  1, record 16, French, - cellule%20satellite

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myoblaste : Le terme «myoblaste» désigne les cellules en prolifération, que ce soit in vivo ou in vitro, le terme «cellule satellite» étant généralement réservé aux cellules quiescentes [au repos] ou activées in vivo.  1, record 16, French, - cellule%20satellite

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Record 17,  Textual support,  English

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An enzyme found in the liver and muscle cell membranes, which catalyses the conversion of adenosine triphosphate(ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) plus pyrophosphate, and is activated by many hormones.  2, record 17, English, - adenylcyclase

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

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Enzyme existant dans les membranes cellulaires, activant la formation de l'AMP3' 5'-cyclique à partir de l'ATP.  1, record 17, French, - ad%C3%A9nylcyclase

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Enzima encargada de catalizar la formación de AMP cíclico a partir de ATP.  1, record 17, Spanish, - adenilato%20ciclasa

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Those mast cells, relatives of white blood cells, are common in the surface tissues of the body, where they wait for reexposure to the antigen like mines floating in a harbor. When the antigen returns and touches two or more IgE molecules, the mast cell pours out a cocktail of at least ten chemicals. Some are enzymes that attack any nearby cells; some activate platelets; some attract other white cells to the site; some can stimulate smooth muscle(thereby causing asthma). One, histamine, causes itching and swelling, unpleasant effects that can be blocked by antihistamines.  2, record 18, English, - mast%20cell

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

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Cellule arrondie du tissu conjonctif [...]  2, record 18, French, - mastocyte

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Célula de tejidos que libera histamina y serotonina durante las inflamaciones y reacciones alérgicas.  2, record 18, Spanish, - mastocito

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

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The major component of serum used for the multiplication of a variety of cell types in culture that has the ability to induce the multiplication of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells and initiating wound repair.  4, record 19, English, - platelet%2Dderived%20growth%20factor

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

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Facteur de croissance d'origine plaquettaire de nature glycoprotéinique qui a pour fonction de stimuler certaines voies métaboliques dans les fibroblastes et les cellules musculaires lisses.  3, record 19, French, - facteur%20de%20croissance%20d%C3%A9riv%C3%A9%20des%20plaquettes

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Record 20,  Textual support,  English

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A nerve cell in the spinal cord, rhombencephalon, or mesencephalon characterized by having an axon that leaves the central nervous system to establish a functional connection with an effector(muscle or glandular) tissue.  1, record 20, English, - motoneuron

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

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Neurone dont le corps cellulaire est situé dans la corne antérieure de la moelle ou dans les noyaux des nerfs crâniens et dont le prolongement axonique participe à la constitution des nerfs moteurs crâniens, des racines antérieures de la moelle, des plexus, et des nerfs périphériques.  1, record 20, French, - motoneurone

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Record 21,  Textual support,  English

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A secondary novel technology to which the Company has exclusive rights is that of antibody-targeted liposomes. This technology involves the incorporation of an antimyosin antibody into liposome membranes that serves to target the immunoliposome to cytoskeletal protein exposed by cellular membrane lesions. Upon anchoring the liposome to the cell via the antibody the liposome presumably fuses with the cell membrane and repairs the lesion. In vitro and animal model studies have shown that this methodology has been able to preserve cell and tissue viability under anoxic/ischemic conditions. This technology may be able to limit the extent of heart muscle damage during heart attacks and myocarditis.  1, record 21, English, - immunoliposome

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

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...Afin d'augmenter la quantité de molécules du médicament pouvant être associées aux anticorps, l'équipe de Pardridge a suggéré d'associer au complexe anticorps/médicament des vecteurs lipidiques, qu'elle a nommé «immunoliposomes». Chaque liposome de 100 nanomètres de diamètre peut acheminer au moins 10 000 petites molécules du médicament.(J. Huwyler et al. (1996) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14164-14169.)  1, record 21, French, - immunoliposome

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Record 22,  Textual support,  English

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A mesenchymal cell that is highly specialized for contraction.  2, record 22, English, - muscle%20cell

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

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Tout le problème de la cellule musculaire est alors de recréer (l'ATP) à partir de deux autres voies métaboliques.  1, record 22, French, - cellule%20musculaire

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Record 23,  Textual support,  English

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A calcium channel blocking agent that selectively blocks calcium ion reflux across cell membranes of cardiac and vascular smooth muscle without changing serum calcium concentrations.  1, record 23, English, - amlodipine

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

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Inhibiteur calcique qui inhibe de façon sélective le passage des ions calcium à travers la membrane cellulaire, plus particulièrement celle des muscles lisses vasculaires plutôt que celle du muscle cardiaque.  1, record 23, French, - amlodipine

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Record 24,  Textual support,  English

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Inducible NO-synthase in skeletal muscle. The expression and localization of inducible nitric oxide(NO) synthase(NOS II) was evaluated as a source of NO which has been shown to affect muscle contraction. Advanced stages of chronic heart failure are associated with systemic activation of cytokines which have been shown to stimulate the expression of NOS II in various cell types, including myocytes. We hypothesized that systemic cytokine activation could lead to expression of NOS II in skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure.  2, record 24, English, - NO%20synthase

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

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Le monoxyde d'azote (NO) est produit, à partir de L-arginine, par une famille d'enzymes, les NO synthases (NOS). Elles sont, soit constitutives comme les NOS endothéliales (eNOS) et neuronales (nNOS), soit inductibles (NOSi), synthétisées uniquement après stimulation par les cytokines.  1, record 24, French, - NO%20synthase

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Inhibition des NO synthases dans la défaillance circulatoire.  1, record 24, French, - NO%20synthase

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Record 25,  Textual support,  English

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... an ischemic pain [or dysfunction] of the masseter muscle and/or tongue brought on by moderate chewing. It is a highly specific sign for giant cell arteritis of the extracranial carotid circulation.  1, record 25, English, - jaw%20claudication

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

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Signe d'artérite temporale caractérisé par la douleur et la fatigue des mâchoires à la mastication. D'après SEZOS, 1983, p. 772zzv.  2, record 25, French, - claudication%20intermittente%20mass%C3%A9t%C3%A9rine

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Record 26,  Textual support,  English

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Recently, several mesoderm-inducing factors(MIFs) have been discovered. These cause isolated Xenopus animal caps to form mesodermal cell types such as muscle, instead of their normal fate of epidermis. The MIFs fall into two classes. One comprises members of the fibroblast growth factor(FGF) family, and the other members of the transforming growth factor type beta(TGF-beta) family. Of the latter group, the most potent is XTC-MIF, a protein produced by Xenopus XTC cells. Here we show that XTC-MIF is the homologue of mammalian activin A.  3, record 26, English, - mesoderm%20inducing%20factor

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Tiré du périodique londonien: Nature, 1990, 345 (6277), pp. 729-731.  3, record 26, English, - mesoderm%20inducing%20factor

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

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Les activines, des inducteurs du mésoderme axial chez le xénope et le poulet. Nous avons rapporté, dans une brève récente, que l'inducteur mésodermique XTC-MIF (mesoderm inducing factor dérivé de la lignée de xénope XTC), appartenant à la famille TGF B, était l'équivalent de l'activine chez Xenopus.  1, record 26, French, - inducteur%20m%C3%A9sodermique

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Record 27,  Textual support,  English

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Muscle first becomes visible in the [embryonic chick wing] in the form of large dorsal and ventral blocks, which subsequently go through a series of divisions to become individual muscles. The early blocks are made up of precursor muscle cells and precursor connective-tissue cells.  1, record 27, English, - precursor%20muscle%20cell

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

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Les muscles apparaissent dans [l'aile de l'embryon de poulet] d'abord sous la forme de gros amas dorsaux et ventraux, qui, ultérieurement, à la suite de divisions successives deviennent des muscles individualisés. Les premiers amas sont constitués de cellules musculaires précurseurs et de cellules de tissu conjonctif précurseurs.  1, record 27, French, - cellule%20musculaire%20pr%C3%A9curseur

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish