TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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The International Society of Magnetic Resonance(ISMAR) is the only international scientific organization that represents the whole range of the important research field of magnetic resonance(MR), in particular nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR), and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). These and other MR-methods are used as main research tools in a very wide range of fields including physics, chemistry, life sciences, materials research and medicine.  1, record 4, English, - International%20Society%20of%20Magnetic%20Resonance

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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In a liquid-state NMR quantum computer, spins of nuclei in isolated molecules dissolved in a solvent work as qubits and they are controlled by radio frequency pulses.  4, record 5, English, - liquid%2Dstate%20nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20quantum%20computer

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

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A nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) quantum computer is based on control of nuclear spin.  3, record 6, English, - nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20quantum%20computer

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

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Record 7,  Textual support,  English

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The solid-state NMR quantum computer, which employs nuclear spins in solids (mainly semiconductors) as quantum bits (qubits), is among the most promising schemes for scalable quantum computers.  3, record 7, English, - solid%2Dstate%20nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20quantum%20computer

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

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Record 8,  Textual support,  English

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Although a quantum factorizer capable of factoring a 250-digit number does not presently exist, proof-of-principle experiments with nuclear magnetic resonance techniques... have factored small numbers, as the number 15...  2, record 8, English, - quantum%20factorizer

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

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The goal is to design and develop new tools to analyze multidimensional and multimodal medical images(CT images, magnetic resonance images, ultrasound images, nuclear medicine images, etc.) in order to improve diagnosis and therapy, especially when therapy is guided by medical images(video-surgery, surgical radiology, radiotherapy, etc.).  1, record 9, English, - video%2Dsurgery

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

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Les améliorations réalisées en anesthésie et en réanimation ont permis de nouvelles interventions; simultanément, la chirurgie vidéo-endoscopique parfois qualifiée, aux États-Unis, de «seconde révolution française» a bouleversé la pratique chirurgicale des 15 dernières années.  1, record 9, French, - vid%C3%A9o%2Dchirurgie

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Pour la première fois au monde, l'équipe du Dr Alain Carpentier (hôpital Broussais à Paris) a réussi une opération à cœur ouvert par vidéochirurgie. Après une ouverture thoracique de 4 centimètres sur 5 centimètres au lieu des 20 centimètres par 15 centimètres habituels, les chirurgiens ont réparé la valve mitrale, située entre l'oreillette et le ventricule gauche, sous le contrôle d'une microcaméra, tandis qu'une circulation extracorporelle périphérique mettait le cœur au repos. Les structures internes du cœur apparaissaient agrandies jusqu'à cinq fois sur un écran de télévision.  2, record 9, French, - vid%C3%A9o%2Dchirurgie

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

More subtle nuclear phenomena are employed in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in which the chemical environment of atoms possessing nuclear spins can be probed through the interaction between the nuclear spin and an external magnetic field.  3, record 10, English, - nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20spectroscopy

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire consiste à mesurer l'énergie nécessaire pour modifier l'alignement [des éléments] dans un champ magnétique d'intensité donnée.  3, record 10, French, - spectroscopie%20de%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire

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Dépistage de l'hyperthermie maligne anesthésique par les tests de contracture musculaire et par la spectroscopie RMN.  4, record 10, French, - spectroscopie%20de%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Les techniques de résonance magnétique nucléaire : l'imagerie par résonance magnétique conventionnelle (IRM) ou fonctionnelle (IRMf) et la spectroscopie RMN qui utilisent les propriétés magnétiques de certains noyaux stables.  5, record 10, French, - spectroscopie%20de%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La espectroscopía de resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) estudia el comportamiento de ciertos núcleos atómicos (aquellos que poseen spin nuclear distinto de cero) en presencia de un campo magnético externo.  1, record 10, Spanish, - espectroscop%C3%ADa%20de%20resonancia%20magn%C3%A9tica%20nuclear

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

En 1951, los químicos descubrieron que la espectroscopia de resonancia magnética nuclear podía ser utilizada para determinar las estructuras de los compuestos orgánicos. Esta técnica espectroscópica puede utilizarse sólo para estudiar núcleos atómicos con un número impar de protones o neutrones (o de ambos).  2, record 10, Spanish, - espectroscop%C3%ADa%20de%20resonancia%20magn%C3%A9tica%20nuclear

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

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[The] concentration of signal bearing spins.  2, record 11, English, - spin%20density

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When the magnetic resonance imaging uses hydrogen, then the terms "proton density, ""spin density, "and "nuclear density" can be used interchangeably even though, strictly speaking, they are not synonymous.  3, record 11, English, - spin%20density

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Spin is a fundamental property of nature like electrical charge or mass. ... Protons, electrons, and neutrons possess spin.  2, record 11, English, - spin%20density

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

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symbole : la lettre grecque «rho».  2, record 11, French, - densit%C3%A9%20de%20spins

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Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The transfer of spin polarization from one spin population to another via cross-relaxation in nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectroscopy.  1, record 12, English, - nuclear%20Overhauser%20effect

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It is named after the American physicist Albert Overhauser who hypothesized it as a post doctoral scholar in the early 1950s.  1, record 12, English, - nuclear%20Overhauser%20effect

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Effet observé dans les liquides contenant une ou plusieurs espèces de spins nucléaires.  3, record 12, French, - effet%20Overhauser%20nucl%C3%A9aire

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La saturation d’une espèce de spin (destruction de la polarisation des spins nucléaires par un champ radio-fréquence) conduit à la modification de la polarisation de l’une ou des autres espèces. Cet effet est similaire, dans son principe, à l’effet Overhauser.  3, record 12, French, - effet%20Overhauser%20nucl%C3%A9aire

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Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Stationary nuclear Overhauser effect. NMR [nuclear magnetic resonance] spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser effect(NOE) between dipolar coupled nuclei is one of the most commonly used techniques to determine the spatial structure of proteins. Generally speaking the NOE describes the transfer of spin polarization from one spin population to another. The magnitude of the NOE highly depends on the distance between the dipolar coupled spins such that it can be used to determine interatomar distances within molecules.  1, record 13, English, - %20stationary%20nuclear%20Overhauser%20effect

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

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Record 14,  Textual support,  English

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Nuclear resonance scattering is [an electromagnetic radiation] technique which is applied to various fields … especially … to samples under extreme conditions like high pressure, low/high temperature, high external magnetic field, confined geometries or tiny samples [which] benefit most from the outstanding properties of synchrotron radiation. Besides basic and fundamental research, NRS applications may be roughly divided into hyperfine spectroscopy and(structural) dynamics.  1, record 14, English, - nuclear%20resonance%20scattering

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

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La diffusion nucléaire résonnante […] utilisant le rayonnement synchrotron combine les propriétés exceptionnelles de la spectrométrie Mössbauer (SM) et celles du rayonnement synchrotron […] La diffusion nucléaire résonnante est maintenant une technique standard pour toutes les sources de rayonnement synchrotron de troisième génération. Comme la spectrométrie Mössbauer, c’est une méthode d’analyse à l’échelle atomique et non destructive. Elle présente l’avantage de ne pas nécessiter l’utilisation de sources radioactives de photons [gamma] incidents, qui peuvent être difficiles à fabriquer, de durée de vie qui peut être courte et d’intensité évidemment limitée. Les applications actuelles concernent principalement deux domaines : la spectroscopie hyperfine et la dynamique structurale.  1, record 14, French, - diffusion%20nucl%C3%A9aire%20r%C3%A9sonnante

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The magic angle is a precisely defined angle, the value of which is approximately 54. 7°. The magic angle is a root of a second-order Legendre polynomial,... and so any interaction which depends on this second-order Legendre polynomial vanishes at the magic angle. This property makes the magic angle of particular importance in solid-state NMR [nuclear magnetic resonance] spectroscopy.  1, record 15, English, - magic%20angle

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

magic angle : term used in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.  2, record 15, English, - magic%20angle

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Contrairement à d’autres méthodes spectroscopiques, la RMN [résonance magnétique nucléaire] possède la particularité de sonder l’environnement local d’un noyau choisi à travers la caractérisation des interactions influençant la relaxation. [...] La RMN des solides n’en est pas encore à ce niveau de haute résolution, sauf en technique HRMAS [expériences haute résolution à l'angle magique] pour les échantillons dits «mous» comme les résines gels, plantes […] En effet la rigidité du réseau cristallin accentue fortement l’influence sur la relaxation d’interactions d’origines diverses. De plus les études se font principalement sur des échantillons de poudre puisqu’il est difficile d’obtenir des monocristaux de taille suffisante (>1 mm³). Ainsi le caractère anisotrope des interactions et la présence de cristalittes aux orientations multiples génèrent des élargissements de raies de résonance. La technique la plus souvent utilisée pour éliminer, ou tout au moins réduire ces élargissements consiste à mettre l’échantillon en rotation à l’angle magique (angle de 54,7° par rapport au champ magnétique statique).  2, record 15, French, - angle%20magique

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

angle magique : terme utilisé en spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire.  3, record 15, French, - angle%20magique

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Exchange(intermediate, fast, slow, chemical and conformational) : Exchange is a kinetic process between two(or more) states that is characterized by a rate constant. In NMR [nuclear magnetic resonance] spectroscopy, exchange is classified into fast, intermediate and slow depending on the size of the rate constant with respect to chemical shift(which is measured in the same units(Hz) as the rate constant). In the fast exchange regime, the rate is much larger than the difference in chemical shift between the two states and the NMR signal will be at the weighted average position of the two states. In slow exchange, signals for both states are observable and the intensities are proportional to the populations of the two states. In intermediate exchange, the transition between the signals seen for slow and fast exchange takes place, resulting in very broad and often non-observable signals.  1, record 16, English, - slow%20exchange

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L’échange en RMN (résonance magnétique nucléaire) […] La cinétique de l’échange est déterminante. Considérons l’échange entre deux sites A [et] B dans l’hypothèse la plus simple […] Que signifient dans une première approche les expressions «échange rapide» et «échange lent» à l’échelle de temps de la RMN ? L’échange est dit lent s’il n’intervient pas significativement pendant l’acquisition des données […] : les deux sites sont alors observés à leurs fréquences caractéristiques. L’échange est dit rapide si un seul signal est observé : les aimantations n’acquièrent pas pendant le temps tau une différence de phase au moins égale à pi […]  1, record 16, French, - %C3%A9change%20lent

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Exchange(intermediate, fast, slow, chemical and conformational) : Exchange is a kinetic process between two(or more) states that is characterized by a rate constant. In NMR [nuclear magnetic resonance] spectroscopy, exchange is classified into fast, intermediate and slow depending on the size of the rate constant with respect to chemical shift(which is measured in the same units(Hz) as the rate constant). In the fast exchange regime, the rate is much larger than the difference in chemical shift between the two states and the NMR signal will be at the weighted average position of the two states. In slow exchange, signals for both states are observable and the intensities are proportional to the populations of the two states. In intermediate exchange, the transition between the signals seen for slow and fast exchange takes place, resulting in very broad and often non-observable signals.  1, record 17, English, - fast%20exchange

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L’échange en RMN (résonance magnétique nucléaire) […] La cinétique de l’échange est déterminante. Considérons l’échange entre deux sites A [et] B dans l’hypothèse la plus simple […] Que signifient dans une première approche les expressions «échange rapide» et «échange lent» à l’échelle de temps de la RMN ? L’échange est dit lent s’il n’intervient pas significativement pendant l’acquisition des données […] : les deux sites sont alors observés à leurs fréquences caractéristiques. L’échange est dit rapide si un seul signal est observé : les aimantations n’acquièrent pas pendant le temps tau une différence de phase au moins égale à pi […]  1, record 17, French, - %C3%A9change%20rapide

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Exchange(intermediate, fast, slow, chemical and conformational) : Exchange is a kinetic process between two(or more) states that is characterized by a rate constant. In NMR [nuclear magnetic resonance] spectroscopy, exchange is classified into fast, intermediate and slow depending on the size of the rate constant with respect to chemical shift … Conformational exchange occurs when a structural element has more than one possible conformation. Chemical exchange is given when a chemical reaction is taking place, e. g. a ligand binds to the molecule that is measured or protons exchange with the solvent.  1, record 18, English, - conformational%20exchange

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

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L’échange n’est pas un phénomène spécifique de la RMN [résonance magnétique nucléaire]. C’est un phénomène moléculaire réversible. On distingue essentiellement deux types d’échange : l’échange conformationnel et l’échange chimique. L’échange conformationnel n’implique aucune rupture de liaison mais simplement un changement de forme limité à un site particulier ou affectant l’ensemble de la molécule (ex : rotation d’un groupe méthyle autour de la liaison [sigma], inversion d’un cyclohexane).  1, record 18, French, - %20%C3%A9change%20conformationnel

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Record 19,  Textual support,  English

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NMR [nuclear magnetic resonance] spectra showed that two conformational isomers of these compounds exist in solution, which is not due to cis-trans isomerization of amide bond.  1, record 19, English, - cis%2Dtrans%20isomerization

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cis-trans: Those prefixes must be italicized.  2, record 19, English, - cis%2Dtrans%20isomerization

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

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L'isomérisation cis-trans des liaisons éthyléniques accompagne toujours les réactions d'hydrogénation, même si on s'efforce de la limiter.  1, record 19, French, - isom%C3%A9risation%20cis%2Dtrans

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

isomérisation : Transformation d'un composé en composé isomère.  1, record 19, French, - isom%C3%A9risation%20cis%2Dtrans

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cis-trans : Ces préfixes s'écrivent en italique.  2, record 19, French, - isom%C3%A9risation%20cis%2Dtrans

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Nuclear magnetic resonance is a consequence of a property possessed by the nucleus known as nuclear spin angular momentum. Some properties associated with nuclear spin angular momentum are similar to those of a spinning macroscopic body, however, nuclear spin angular momentum is a fundamental property that cannot be explained in terms of any other fundamental property such as mass, charge, etc. Nuclear spin angular momentum—like the angular momentum of any other fundamental particle —is a quantized vectorial quantity. Its magnitude is restricted to certain fixed values and its direction is also restricted to certain directions in the presence of a magnetic field. In the absence of a magnetic field, it is not possible to obtain any information regarding its direction.  1, record 20, English, - nuclear%20spin%20angular%20momentum%20vector

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Caractéristiques du noyau. Tous les atomes, sauf ceux dont le nombre de masse et le numéro atomique sont simultanément pairs […] possèdent un nombre quantique de spin nucléaire non nul I, entier ou demi-entier, plus simplement appelé le spin. Le noyau étant regardé comme une sphère en rotation autour d’un axe (to spin : tourner en anglais), le vecteur moment angulaire de spin nucléaire associé à ce mouvement est noté I.  1, record 20, French, - vecteur%20moment%20angulaire%20de%20spin%20nucl%C3%A9aire

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Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Corneal Injury by a thorazine Spansule.  2, record 21, English, - spansule

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Quantitative Determination of Chlorpromazine. HCL in Tablets. Spansules, Injectables, and Bulk Chemical by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.  3, record 21, English, - spansule

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Forme de produit pharmaceutique-capsule, spansule [...]  2, record 21, French, - spansule

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Détermination des conditions optimales d'obtention des granules pour spansules.  1, record 21, French, - spansule

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Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

These isotopes (Carbon-13 and Nitrogen-15) are used as a metabolic tracers (including breath tests), or for labeling large molecules for NMR 3D structure determination. 13C is available in the form of CO2, sold in cylinders. 15N is available as potassium nitrate or ammonium chloride.  1, record 22, English, - NMR%203D

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

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Vers la fin des années quatre-vingt le principe de la RMN à deux dimensions a été étendu à trois dimensions, où une double réaction de transfert (A vers B vers C) [...] La RMN à trois dimensions est intrinsèquement liée à l'étude de protéines, de plus de 150 acides aminés, doublement marquées en N (exposant 15) et C (exposant 13).  1, record 22, French, - r%C3%A9sonnance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire%20%C3%A0%20trois%20dimensions

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Terme et exemple tirés du Technoscope.  3, record 22, French, - r%C3%A9sonnance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire%20%C3%A0%20trois%20dimensions

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Record 23,  Textual support,  English

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A type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.  2, record 23, English, - cross%2Dpolarization%20magic%20angle%20spinning

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Source : Can. J. Soil Science, (Traduction) mentionnée par le Centre forestier du Pacifique. On retrouve souvent «CPMAS» dans d'autres traductions.  1, record 23, French, - RAMPC

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Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A procedure in which radio waves and a powerful magnet linked to a computer are used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body.  8, record 24, English, - magnetic%20resonance%20imaging

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

These pictures can show the difference between normal and diseased tissue. NMRI makes better images of organs and soft tissue than other scanning techniques, such as CT or X-ray. NMRI [is] especially useful for imaging the brain, spine, the soft tissue of joints, and the inside of bones.  8, record 24, English, - magnetic%20resonance%20imaging

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The technique [is] called magnetic resonance imaging rather than nuclear magnetic resonance imaging(NMRI) because of the negative connotations associated with the word nuclear...  9, record 24, English, - magnetic%20resonance%20imaging

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Technique d'exploration de l'organisme qui utilise un puissant champ magnétique et des ondes radio pour générer par ordinateur une image détaillée de tissus mous.  5, record 24, French, - imagerie%20par%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dans le domaine médical, le terme «imagerie par résonance magnétique» est préféré à «imagerie par résonance magnétique nucléaire» à cause de la connotation négative du mot «nucléaire».  5, record 24, French, - imagerie%20par%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Procedimiento que] permite obtener una imagen anatómica digital de la región que se ha de estudiar, por la resonancia de los átomos de hidrógeno de las moléculas de los tejidos sometidos a los efectos de un campo magnético. Se considera como el procedimiento más efectivo para el diagnóstico del cáncer de cabeza o cuello.  5, record 24, Spanish, - tomograf%C3%ADa%20por%20resonancia%20magn%C3%A9tica

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

MRI: siglas en inglés de Magnetic Resonance Imaging.  6, record 24, Spanish, - tomograf%C3%ADa%20por%20resonancia%20magn%C3%A9tica

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[An apparatus that] uses a magnetic field, radiofrequency waves, and computerized image processing to produce cross-sectional images of the anatomy.  6, record 25, English, - magnetic%20resonance%20imaging%20apparatus

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The technique [is] called magnetic resonance imaging rather than nuclear magnetic resonance imaging(NMRI) because of the negative connotations associated with the word nuclear...  15, record 25, English, - magnetic%20resonance%20imaging%20apparatus

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dans le domaine médical, on préfère employer le terme «imagerie par résonance magnétique» plutôt que «imagerie par résonance magnétique nucléaire» à cause de la connotation négative du mot «nucléaire».  5, record 25, French, - appareil%20d%27imagerie%20par%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique

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Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... when the technique was being developed for use in health care the connotation of the word "nuclear" was felt to be too negative and was left out of the accepted name.  7, record 26, English, - magnetic%20resonance%20image

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Nuclear magnetic resonance image of abdomen, head, tissue.  8, record 26, English, - magnetic%20resonance%20image

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Image de la répartition dans l'organisme de certains atomes à partir de leur résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN).  4, record 26, French, - image%20par%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dans le domaine médical, le terme «image par résonance magnétique» est préféré à «image par résonance magnétique nucléaire» à cause de la connotation négative du mot «nucléaire».  7, record 26, French, - image%20par%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique

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Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In the National Occupational Classification (NOC), official occupational titles in Group 3215 - Medical Radiation Technologists.  2, record 27, English, - magnetic%20resonance%20imaging%20technologist

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The technique [is] called magnetic resonance imaging rather than nuclear magnetic resonance imaging(NMRI) because of the negative connotations associated with the word nuclear...  3, record 27, English, - magnetic%20resonance%20imaging%20technologist

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dans la Classification nationale des professions (CNP), titre de profession officiel dans le Groupe 3215 - Technologues en radiation médicale.  2, record 27, French, - technologue%20en%20imagerie%20par%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Dans le domaine médical, le terme «imagerie par résonance magnétique» est préféré à «imagerie par résonance magnétique nucléaire» à cause de la connotation négative du mot «nucléaire».  3, record 27, French, - technologue%20en%20imagerie%20par%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Technique de spectroscopie adaptée à la caractérisation des matériaux et à l'étude des mouvements moléculaires.  1, record 28, French, - r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire%20en%20phase%20solide

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A preselected set of defined RF [radio frequency] and gradient pulses, usually repeated many times during a scan, wherein the time interval between pulses and the amplitude and shape of the gradient waveforms will control NMR [nuclear magnetic resonance] signal reception and affect the characteristics of the MR [magnetic resonance] images.  2, record 29, English, - pulse%20sequence

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Typical pulse sequences: spin echo, gradient echo, TurboSE, Inversion Recovery ...  3, record 29, English, - pulse%20sequence

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] succession d'impulsions et de temps morts utilisée pour exciter les moments magnétiques des protons [...]  2, record 29, French, - s%C3%A9quence%20d%27impulsions

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A nonequilibrium state in NMR [nuclear magnetic resonance], in which equal numbers of spins are aligned against and with the magnetic field, so that there is no net magnetization.  2, record 30, English, - saturation

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 OBS

It is not possible to obtain an MR [magnetic resonance] signal from saturated tissue.  3, record 30, English, - saturation

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La disparition du signal des protons stationnaires est obtenue grâce à une technique appelée saturation. Cette saturation s'effectue grâce à des impulsions émises par une antenne de radiofréquence (RF) avec un rythme et une amplitude déterminés respectivement par un temps de répétition (TR) et un angle de bascule (flip angle).  2, record 30, French, - saturation

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The fundamental parameters of the NMR [nuclear magnetic resonance] gyro are defined in the following manner : The signal-to-noise ratio is a parameter which characterizes the noise-induced random drift and the ability to determine drift angle in the NMR gyro. The relaxation times characterize the fundamental usefulness of the resonance cell. Finally, the rate bias instability characterizes the shifts in the precessional frequency of the macroscopic magnetic moment.  1, record 31, English, - noise%2Dinduced%20random%20drift

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dans le cadre du suivi en orbite des satellites orbite basse d'observation de la Terre, il est nécessaire de mettre au point un outil de suivi et de caractérisation de la dérive aléatoire des gyroscopes utilisés par le pilotage. Cet outil doit permettre d'évaluer la santé des équipements concernés, et d'anticiper d'éventuels problèmes en orbite.  2, record 31, French, - d%C3%A9rive%20al%C3%A9atoire%20due%20aux%20bruits

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The concentration of hydrogen atoms in water molecules or in some groups of fat molecules within tissue.  2, record 32, English, - proton%20density

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

When the magnetic resonance imaging uses hydrogen, then the terms "proton density, ""spin density, "and "nuclear density" can be used interchangeably even though, strictly speaking, they are not synonymous.  3, record 32, English, - proton%20density

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 2 OBS

symbol: the Greek letter "rho."  3, record 32, English, - proton%20density

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 3 OBS

International System of Units (SI): moles/m³.  3, record 32, English, - proton%20density

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] concentration en protons par unité de volume.  1, record 32, French, - densit%C3%A9%20de%20protons

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

symbole : la lettre grecque «rho».  2, record 32, French, - densit%C3%A9%20de%20protons

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... definition of the position of brain structures on a patient's head by means of spatial coordinates in computerized tomography and NMR [nuclear magnetic resonance] examination...  1, record 33, English, - spatial%20coordinate

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 OBS

spatial coordinates: term usually used in the plural.  2, record 33, English, - spatial%20coordinate

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] le robot commandé par un ordinateur [se charge] du calcul des coordonnées spatiales de la tumeur, du calcul et du contrôle de la trajectoire du trocart à biopsie.  1, record 33, French, - coordonn%C3%A9e%20spatiale

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 OBS

coordonnées spatiales : terme habituellement au pluriel.  2, record 33, French, - coordonn%C3%A9e%20spatiale

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A type of nuclear resonance magnetometer that accurately measures total magnetic intensity by the use of the precession of protons in a hydrogen-rich liquid about the magnetic field direction. Precession frequency is proportional to field strength.  3, record 34, English, - proton%2Dprecession%20magnetometer

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[... l'enregistrement continu des variations du champ magnétique terrestre est assuré à l'aide d'un [...] magnétomètre à protons à précession libre spécialement adapté [...].  3, record 34, French, - magn%C3%A9tom%C3%A8tre%20%C3%A0%20protons%20%C3%A0%20pr%C3%A9cession%20libre

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Spectroscopic analysis similar to nuclear magnetic resonance except that it employs microwave radiation instead of radiofrequencies. Used for studying free radicals, crystal centers, transition elements and structures involving unpaired electrons.  4, record 35, English, - electron%20paramagnetic%20resonance

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 OBS

electron paramagnetic resonance; EPR: term and abbreviation extracted from the "Disarmament and Peace Keeping" glossary with the permission of the United Nations Office at Geneva.  5, record 35, English, - electron%20paramagnetic%20resonance

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 DEF

C'est une méthode d'étude physico-chimique par résonance très voisine dans son principe de la résonance magnétique nucléaire. Mais les particules dont on veut faire varier le spin ne sont pas les protons mais les électrons de la substance à étudier. Cela veut dire que : 1- la méthode ne sera applicable qu'aux corps possédant un électron célibataire; 2- les énergies mises en jeu sont 1850 fois plus grandes et la résonance aura lieu dans le domaine des ondes centimétriques (UHF).  3, record 35, French, - r%C3%A9sonance%20paramagn%C3%A9tique%20%C3%A9lectronique

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Terme et abréviation tirés du lexique «Désarmement et Maintien de la Paix» avec l'autorisation de l'Office des Nations Unies à Genève.  4, record 35, French, - r%C3%A9sonance%20paramagn%C3%A9tique%20%C3%A9lectronique

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Resonancia paramagnética en la que intervienen electrones de conducción en el seno de un metal o un semiconductor.  1, record 35, Spanish, - resonancia%20paramagn%C3%A9tica%20electr%C3%B3nica

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The resonant absorption of electromagnetic energy by a system of atomic nuclei situated in a magnetic field. It is a branch of radiofrequency spectroscopy. The frequency of the magnetic resonance coincides with the frequency of the Larmor precession of the nuclei in the magnetic field and is proportional to the strength of the field.  4, record 36, English, - nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Nuclear magnetic resonance may be used for the measurement of nuclear magnetic moments; for the precise measurement of magnetic fields; for obtaining information regarding the environment of nuclei in molecules, liquids and solids; and in chemical analysis.  4, record 36, English, - nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Nuclear magnetic resonance.-New type of spectroscopy particularly important for organic chemistry.  5, record 36, English, - nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Technique spectrographique qui consiste à placer le corps à étudier dans une induction magnétique intense (10 000 gauss) et réglable, en présence d'un champ électromagnétique de radiofréquence et en captant le signal réémis par l'échantillon.  3, record 36, French, - r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 OBS

L'intensité du signal recueilli est directement proportionnelle au nombre de protons responsables.  3, record 36, French, - r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Espectroscopía de radiofrecuencia o microondas basada en el campo magnético, generado por la rotación de núcleos de ciertos átomos cargados eléctricamente.  2, record 36, Spanish, - resonancia%20magn%C3%A9tica%20nuclear

Record 37,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A gyroscope utilizing the spin of electrons and atomic nuclei rather than a spinning mass.  4, record 37, English, - nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20gyroscope

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Through DOD [Department of Defense] and industry in-house independent research and development, considerable advances in [inertial navigation] have been done. Some of [the] new generation sensors are the ring laser gyro(RLG)..., the nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscope(NMRG), and the hemi-spherical resonator gyroscope(HRG).  2, record 37, English, - nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20gyroscope

Record 37,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Gyroscope utilisant les propriétés inertielles (spin) des particules élémentaires.  3, record 37, French, - gyroscope%20%C3%A0%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] certains laboratoires ont étudié divers dispositifs de mesure des rotations absolues ne présentant qu'une analogie assez lointaine avec les gyroscopes classiques. Ce sont les gyroscopes à vibrations, dans lesquels le mouvement de rotation de la toupie est remplacé par le mouvement de va-et-vient d'éléments mécaniques; les gyroscopes nucléaires, dans lesquels le spin du noyau atomique est utilisé comme référence spatiale; les gyroscopes optiques, exploitant les propriétés de la lumière cohérente [...]  4, record 37, French, - gyroscope%20%C3%A0%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire

Record 37,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 38,  Textual support,  French

Record 38,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 40,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Source: The Structure of Veterinary New Drug Submission.  2, record 40, English, - nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20spectrum

Record 40,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Source : La structure d'une présentation de drogue nouvelle à usage vétérinaire.  2, record 40, French, - spectre%20par%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire

Record 40,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 41,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) gyroscope is a rate-integrating single axis gyro that obtains its rotational information from the dynamic angular motion of certain nuclei. The gyro was developed because of its potential to be an accurate, small, highly reliable inertial sensor with low acquisition and life cycle costs.  1, record 41, English, - rate%2Dintegrating%20single%2Daxis%20gyro

Record 41,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le gyroscope intégrateur 1-axe : Supposons cet appareil dédié à la surveillance d'une plate-forme, ce qui rappelons le signifie des écarts angulaires faibles et des vitesses angulaires encore plus faibles [...]  1, record 41, French, - gyroscope%20int%C3%A9grateur%201%2Daxe

Record 41,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 42,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A vector associated with a magnet, current loop, particle, or such, whose cross product with the magnetic induction (or alternatively, the magnetic field strength) of a magnetic field is equal to the torque exerted on the system by the field.  3, record 42, English, - magnetic%20moment

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) gyroscope is a rate-integrating, single-axis gyro that obtains its rotational information from the dynamic angular motion of certain nuclei... The NMR gyro utilizes the intrinsic property of certain nuclei to determine angular displacement about a defined input axis. These nuclei have angular momentum, hence magnetic moment.  5, record 42, English, - magnetic%20moment

Record 42,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Vecteur représentant l'aimantation d'un aimant, d'une boucle de courant.  5, record 42, French, - moment%20magn%C3%A9tique

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le principe de la résonance magnétique repose sur le fait que lorsqu'un moment magnétique situé dans un champ magnétique est soumis à une excitation magnétique périodique, son comportement n'est influencé par l'excitation que si celle-ci à une fréquence bien déterminée. Cette perturbation affecte le comportement électromagnétique de l'échantillon étudié et peut être mesurée. On obtient alors une courbe de variation appelée raie de résonance. La mesure directe de la résonance magnétique a été améliorée à l'occasion des études sur les radars pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.  6, record 42, French, - moment%20magn%C3%A9tique

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Lévitation magnétique [...] - rotation: il est possible de faire léviter un objet avec des aimants fixes. Un exemple en est le lévitron : il s'agit d'une toupie aimantée qui est en lévitation au-dessus d'une base aimantée. En fait, le lévitron peut être considéré comme une sorte de corps diamagnétique : par rotation, on stabilise la direction du moment magnétique dans l'espace (on a un gyroscope magnétique) et on place cet aimant dans un champ magnétique anti-parallèle.  7, record 42, French, - moment%20magn%C3%A9tique

Record 42,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 43,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Of an oscillatory or vibratory system: the marked increase in the amplitude of oscillation or vibration when the system is subjected to an impressed frequency that is the same as (or very close to) the natural frequency of the system.  2, record 43, English, - resonance

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Resonance occurs in acoustical, mechanical, atomic, electrical, magnetic, optical, and radio systems, for example; and the term has also been extended to cover, by analogy, certain chemical and nuclear phenomena.  2, record 43, English, - resonance

Record 43,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 DEF

De façon générale, accroissement de l'amplitude d'un phénomène de vibration lorsque la période devient égale à la période propre de vibration du système. Résonance acoustique, résonance optique, résonance magnétique.  2, record 43, French, - r%C3%A9sonance

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les phénomènes de résonance se rencontrent dans les diverses branches de la physique: en physique nucléaire, en électronique, en optique, en acoustique, en mécanique.  3, record 43, French, - r%C3%A9sonance

Record 43,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cualidad de un sistema mecánico, [acústico] o eléctrico que se caracteriza por la vibración de gran amplitud provocada por un estímulo periódico relativamente pequeño cuya frecuencia es la misma, o muy parecida, que la frecuencia propia del sistema.  1, record 43, Spanish, - resonancia

Record 44,  Textual support,  English

Record 44,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Reproduit du lexique «Disarmament and Peace Keeping/Désarmement et Maintien de la Paix» avec l'autorisation de l'Office des Nations Unies à Genève.  2, record 44, French, - spectrom%C3%A8tre%20%C3%A0%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire

Record 44,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 45,  Textual support,  English

Record 45,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Spectre de RMN de l'hydrogène (1H).  2, record 45, French, - spectre%20%C3%A0%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire%20de%20l%27hydrog%C3%A8ne

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Reproduit du lexique «Disarmament and Peace Keeping/Désarmement et Maintien de la Paix» avec l'autorisation de l'Office des Nations Unies à Genève.  1, record 45, French, - spectre%20%C3%A0%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire%20de%20l%27hydrog%C3%A8ne

Record 45,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 46,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Used for structure elucidation.  2, record 46, English, - high%2Dfield%20nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance

Record 46,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Reproduit du lexique «Disarmament and Peace Keeping/Désarmement et Maintien de la Paix» avec l'autorisation de l'Office des Nations Unies à Genève.  2, record 46, French, - r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire%20%C3%A0%20champ%20%C3%A9lev%C3%A9

Record 46,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 47,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... not only in structural elucidation of the novel toxins and other interesting natural compounds by the application of the modern spectral data such as 2D-NMR data ...  1, record 47, English, - 2%2DD%20nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance

Record 47,  Textual support,  French

Record 47,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 48,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This course is designed for chemistry students wishing to become familiar with the use of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry for the determination of molecular structure and dynamics in solution. The NMR part of the course deals with analysis of second-order proton spectra, with extraction of coupling constants and chemical shifts from spectra. Then the topics of pulsed and Fourier transform NMR are introduced and applied to natural abundance 13C spectra. Problem solving with combined 1H and 13C NMR data is emphasized. Subsequently the use of spin lattice relaxation times for dynamics is discussed, followed by an introduction to 2 dimensional(2D) NMR.  1, record 48, English, - 2%20dimensional%20NMR

Record 48,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La RMN à deux dimensions peut être comparée à une réaction chimique, dont les composantes doivent être identifiées (ici par fréquence)avant et après la réaction.[...] Notons par ailleurs que la RMN 2D n'est pas limitée à l'observation des protons : deux expériences de corrélation ont été conçues pour relier des azotes, des carbones et des protons.  1, record 48, French, - r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire%20bidimensionnelle

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Terme et exemple tirés du «Technoscope».  1, record 48, French, - r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire%20bidimensionnelle

Record 48,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 49,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This includes head-only and whole-body CAT scanners, an oncology treatment planning simulator, a cobalt radiation unit, a high energy linear accelerator, digital vascular imaging, cardiac catheterization equipment, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.  1, record 49, English, - vascular%20imaging

Record 49,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On entrevoit également le développement d'autres applications dans les domaines de l'imagerie vasculaire et cardiaque [...]  1, record 49, French, - imagerie%20vasculaire

Record 49,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 50,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Chemical Spectroscopy [course :]... A study of the electronic, vibrational, rotational and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of atoms and molecules. A basic understanding of the underlying theoretical principles and the interpretations of results is stressed.  1, record 50, English, - chemical%20spectroscopy

Record 50,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Chimie physique pour les sciences de la vie. [...] Cours destiné aux étudiants et étudiantes de biologie et de biochimie. Lois de la thermodynamique chimique et applications bioénergétiques. Propriétés des solutions. Électrochimie et phénomènes électrochimiques dans les systèmes biologiques. Spectroscopie chimique et son application à la quantification des substances biologiques. Cinétique chimique et cinétique enzymatique.  1, record 50, French, - spectroscopie%20chimique

Record 50,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 51,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Parametric Imaging Laboratory(CNRS-University of Paris VI) have opened up a completely new path for research using the potential of quantitative ultrasound imaging. They have developed the first "ultrasound osteodensitometer" with imaging. This is the most precise technique currently available for evaluating the acoustic properties of the bone. It can be used to establish an anatomical comparison of the acoustic properties obtained by ultrasound exploration, and other fundamental properties of bone strength, such as bone mineral density or bone microarchitecture, which are obtained through x-ray imaging or microimaging using nuclear magnetic resonance.  2, record 51, English, - ultrasound%20osteodensitometer

Record 51,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Développé à partir d'une technologie mise au point dans un laboratoire du CNRS, un ostéodensitomètre à ultrasons mesure la densité de l'os et donne aussi une image de sa structure. [...] l'Ubis 3 000 [...] permet de reproduire l'examen et les mesures du calcaneum [...]  1, record 51, French, - ost%C3%A9odensitom%C3%A8tre%20%C3%A0%20imagerie%20ultrasonore

Record 51,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 52,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Much of the research imaging is done on state-of-the-art clinical equipment, including a 0-2T rampable whole-body magnetic resonance system capable of proton imaging(MRI) at 1. 5T and 2T; 31P, 1H and 2H magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS) at 1. 5T and 2T; and 18F MRS at 1. 59T; a spiral CT scanner capable of one image per second; a digital radiography system; a bone mineral densitometer; three single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) nuclear medicine gamma-ray imaging systems; a NaI(Tl) radioisotope gamma-ray spectrometer(for determination of absolute tissue blood flow). ["ADVANCED IMAGING RESEARCH GROUP(AIRG) "]  2, record 52, English, - spiral%20CT%20scanner

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Elscint Announces FDA Clearance for its Spiral CT Scanner, the SeleCT/SP.  3, record 52, English, - spiral%20CT%20scanner

Record 52,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Pas de grande nouveauté, deux pôles d'intérêt attendus : le scanner spiralé et la cholangio-wirsungo IRM.  1, record 52, French, - scanner%20spiral%C3%A9

Record 52,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 53,  Textual support,  English