TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... a typical dielectric electroactive polymer(DEAP) – a type of electronic EAP [electroactive polymer]-consists of a dielectric elastomer membrane placed between two electrodes. When an electric field is applied, the membrane compresses and stretches, causing the material to change shape...  3, record 1, English, - dielectric%20electroactive%20polymer

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the cell wall.  4, record 2, English, - murein

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Polymère de la paroi des bactéries, constitué de longues chaînes de dérivés glucidiques reliées par des unités tétrapeptidiques.  2, record 2, French, - mur%C3%A9ine

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le peptidoglycane assure la résistance mécanique de la paroi et permet des échanges avec le milieu.  2, record 2, French, - mur%C3%A9ine

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Les constituants du peptidoglycane stimulent la réaction immunitaire d'un hôte infecté et annulent, par des modifications de leur structure chimique, l'effet de certains antibiotiques.  2, record 2, French, - mur%C3%A9ine

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 3 OBS

peptidoglycane; PG : terme, abréviation, définition et observations publiés au Journal officiel de la République française le 14 juin 2017.  4, record 2, French, - mur%C3%A9ine

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Method of immobilization of enzymes by entrapment within the microcavities of synthetic fibres.  1, record 3, English, - fibre%20entrapment

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The term entrapment has been used to cover a range of immobilization techniques. O’Driscoll has chosen to distinguish between those methods, where a gel or membrane is formed around an enzyme by polymerization and those methods where the enzyme is retained in a preformed polymer by subsequent formation of a cross-linked network. Microencapsulation and fiber entrapment are clearly other examples of this immobilization technique.  3, record 3, English, - fibre%20entrapment

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En dehors de l'équipe de DINELLI, en Italie, qui a préparé de nombreuses enzymes immobilisées par inclusion dans des fibres d'acétate de cellulose, les enzymes immobilisées à structure non membranaire se présentent sous forme de particules de taille, de porosité et de propriétés mécaniques très variables. Ce sont les caractéristiques de ces particules qui conditionnent la mise en œuvre. Le choix du support pourra être ainsi différent selon que l'on envisage l'emploi de ces systèmes à petite échelle ou dans un but industriel.  1, record 3, French, - inclusion%20dans%20des%20fibres

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Term(s) taken from a Canadian laboratory-equipment company’s catalogue.  1, record 4, English, - polymer%20membrane

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Terme(s) tiré(s) du catalogue d'une compagnie canadienne d'équipement de laboratoire.  1, record 4, French, - membrane%20en%20polym%C3%A8re

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Conversion of a soluble enzyme to a bound or insoluble form.  1, record 5, English, - enzyme%20immobilization

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Methods for enzyme immobilization can be classified into three basic categories as follows. 1) Carrier-binding method : the binding of enzymes to water-insoluble carriers. 2) Cross-linking method : intermolecular cross-linking of enzymes by means of bifunctional or multifunctional reagents. 3) Entrapping method : incorporating enzymes into the lattice of a semipermeable gel or enclosing the enzymes in a semipermeable polymer membrane.  2, record 5, English, - enzyme%20immobilization

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The technique has two advantages: expensive enzymes can be recovered and used again; the enzyme can be used in a variety of configurations of bioreactors that permit continuous operation. These include packed bed continuous-fed columns and expanded bed systems. A wide range of techniques are used for enzyme immobilization. These are similar in many ways to the techniques used to produce preparations of immobilized cells.  1, record 5, English, - enzyme%20immobilization

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Technique de fixation des enzymes à un support soluble ou insoluble, de façon à les rendre très facilement récupérables en fin de réaction et être réemployées plusieurs fois et même fonctionner en continu dans des réacteurs. Il existe trois grands types d'immobilisation : l'inclusion, l'adsorption et la fixation par liaison covalente.  2, record 5, French, - immobilisation%20des%20enzymes

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'intérêt présenté par l'immobilisation des enzymes est double : - sur le plan conceptuel, il est possible de définir des modèles permettant de mieux appréhender le fonctionnement des enzymes membranaires in vivo : - sur le plan pratique, l'immobilisation des enzymes permet de mieux coordonner des actions séquentielles, de récupérer les enzymes après emploi, conduisant ainsi à la mise au point de ce que l'on appelle déjà des "réacteurs enzymatiques".  3, record 5, French, - immobilisation%20des%20enzymes

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Geomembranes made in situ(ie, at the construction site) are usually continuous(ie, with no seam) and are made by spraying or otherwise placing a hot or cold viscous material onto a substrate. The geomembranes made by spraying are commonly referred to as "spray-applied geomembranes" or "spray-on geomembranes". The base product of the sprayed material is commonly asphalt, an asphalt-elastomer compound... or a polymer such as polyurethane. The sprayed material forms a continuous flexible film with little or no tack after curing. If the material is applied onto an existing surface(ie, earth or concrete) the spray-applied geomembrane is non-reinforced. If the material is applied onto a fabric or geotextile, the resulting membrane is reinforced....  1, record 6, English, - spray%2Dapplied%20geomembrane

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Sprayed-on geomembrane: see the Index part, p. 8, in source GIRGE, 1985.  2, record 6, English, - spray%2Dapplied%20geomembrane

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Géomembrane: Produit adapté au génie civil, mince, souple, continu, étanche au liquide même sous des déformations en service, principalement en traction.  2, record 6, French, - g%C3%A9omembrane%20r%C3%A9alis%C3%A9e%20par%20projection

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Projection: Technique de mise en place de matériaux de construction (mortiers, bétons et plâtres) envoyés sous pression sur le support à revêtir.  3, record 6, French, - g%C3%A9omembrane%20r%C3%A9alis%C3%A9e%20par%20projection

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The separating layer in a PEM fuel cell that acts as an electrolyte (which is proton conducting) as well as a barrier film separating the hydrogen-rich feed in the cathode compartment of the cell from the oxygen-rich anode side.  5, record 7, English, - proton%20exchange%20membrane

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The development of new fuel cells, such as the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, will require specialized cooling systems.  6, record 7, English, - proton%20exchange%20membrane

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A PEM(Proton exchange Membrane, also called Polymer Electrolyte Membrane) fuel cell uses a simple chemical process to combine hydrogen and oxygen into water, producting electric current in the process.  7, record 7, English, - proton%20exchange%20membrane

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[Pour] les piles PEMFC, l'électrolyte est une membrane polymère ionique de type acide ; dans ce type d'électrolyte, les ions négatifs sont retenus dans la structure de la membrane. Seuls les ions hydrogène H+ sont mobiles et libres de transporter la charge positive à travers la membrane, de l'anode vers la cathode et c'est ce mouvement associé à la circulation des électrons qui est à l'origine du courant produit.  6, record 7, French, - membrane%20%C3%A9changeuse%20de%20protons

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Les nouvelles piles à combustible, comme la pile à membrane échangeuse de protons (MEP) nécessiteront des systèmes de refroidissement spécialisés.  7, record 7, French, - membrane%20%C3%A9changeuse%20de%20protons

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Membrane permeation is defined as the flow of substance through a polymer membrane or film under a gradient of concentration of the permeating substance.  1, record 8, English, - permeation

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Écoulement d'un fluide au travers d'une membrane.  1, record 8, French, - perm%C3%A9ation

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[A] polymer [which is a] film containing nine billion pores per square inch.  1, record 9, English, - expanded%20polytetrafluoroethylene

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The Gore-Tex membrane is a patented composite of two unique polymers. The first polymer, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene(ePTFE)... The second polymer is an oleophobic("oil heating") material...  1, record 9, English, - expanded%20polytetrafluoroethylene

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Each pore [of the film] is 20,000 times smaller than a raindrop, but 700 times larger than a molecule of water. It is completely impervious to rain, snow and sleet and allows perspiration vapor to pass through.  1, record 9, English, - expanded%20polytetrafluoroethylene

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Polymère consistant en] une pellicule comptant neuf milliards de pores au pouce carré.  1, record 9, French, - polyt%C3%A9trafluoro%C3%A9thyl%C3%A8ne%20expans%C3%A9

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le ePTFE (polytétrafluoroéthylène expansé) est obtenu par frittage du PTFE [polytétrafluoroéthylène] suivi d'un extrusion et d'un étirage. Ce procédé de fabrication particulier confère au matériau souple ePTFE une structure alvéolaire ouverte, composée de deux entités de base, le nodule et la fibrille.  3, record 9, French, - polyt%C3%A9trafluoro%C3%A9thyl%C3%A8ne%20expans%C3%A9

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Chaque pore [de cette pellicule] est vingt mille fois plus petit qu'une goutte de pluie, mais 700 fois plus large qu'une molécule d'eau. Il bloque parfaitement la pluie et la neige, tout en permettant la diffusion de la vapeur de transpiration.  1, record 9, French, - polyt%C3%A9trafluoro%C3%A9thyl%C3%A8ne%20expans%C3%A9

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Four electrode materials were identified as candidates for the fabrication of sheet actuators. These were graphite powder, conductive greases, Patterned gold and conductive elastomers. Graphite powder, conductive greases, and conductive polymers are compliant materials and will move as the polymer film is actuated. A gold electrode would have to be patterned to allow it to deform as the polymer film is actuated.  2, record 10, English, - patterned%20gold%20electrode

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

A new fabrication technique is proposed to create electrodes on thin ionic polymer membranes for micro actuator applications. The technique consists in plasma deposition of a thin(a few nm) allylamine coating on the membrane followed by stepwise assembly of Au colloids on the amine surface into a conductive electrode. Patterned gold electrodes can be created by using a stencil mask during allylamine plasma deposition.  1, record 10, English, - patterned%20gold%20electrode

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

électrode à motif d'or assemblé : Le procédé consiste à déposer de l'or colloïdal sur un support de membrane flexible. Le dépôt d'or peut présenter un motif bien défini et prédéterminé grâce à un «masque» protecteur. Ceci s'effectue dans un plasma, c'est-à-dire dans un gaz ionisé. [Source : professeur Jean-Michel Kauffman, Unité d'électroanalyse et de bioélectrochimie, Institut de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles.]  1, record 10, French, - %C3%A9lectrode%20%C3%A0%20motif%20d%27or%20assembl%C3%A9

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A type of acid-based fuel cell in which the exchange of protons (H+) from the anode to the cathode is achieved by a solid, water-swollen membrane electrolyte impregnated with a strong acid.  6, record 11, English, - proton%20exchange%20membrane%20fuel%20cell

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A PEM(Proton E xchange Membrane, also called Polymer Electrolyte Membrane) fuel cell uses a simple chemical process to combine hydrogen and oxygen into water, producing electric current in the process. For those interested in the chemistry, it works something like electrolysis in reverse.  4, record 11, English, - proton%20exchange%20membrane%20fuel%20cell

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[These] fuel cells typically run at low temperatures (<100ºC) and pressures (<5 atm).  6, record 11, English, - proton%20exchange%20membrane%20fuel%20cell

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Pile dont l'électrolyte est une membrane échangeuse de protons.  7, record 11, French, - pile%20%C3%A0%20combustible%20%C3%A0%20membrane%20%C3%A9changeuse%20de%20protons

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell(PEFC)... Water management in the membrane is critical for efficient performance ;the fuel cell must operate under conditions where the byproduct water does not evaporate faster than it is produced because the membrane must be hydrated.  2, record 12, English, - water%20management

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les membranes doivent [...] pouvoir retenir l'eau pour maintenir une bonne conductivité. La gestion de l'eau dans les membranes est donc un des problèmes majeurs dans la technologie de type PEM. Les facteurs qui influencent la teneur en eau dans la membrane sont le passage de l'eau à travers la pile (pour chaque proton une petite goutte d'eau est également transportée à travers la membrane) et la diffusion de l'eau produite à la cathode à travers la membrane.  2, record 12, French, - gestion%20de%20l%27eau

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Method of production of microencapsulated enzymes based on a chemical reaction to synthesize a water-insoluble polymer at the interface of a microdroplet. The two monomers must have differing solubilities such that one is partially soluble in both the aqueous and organic phases(that is, a hydrophilic monomer) whilst the other must be soluble only in the organic phase(that is, a hydrophobic monomer. A solution of the hydrophilic monomer and enzyme is emulsified in an organic solvent, and to this emulsion is added a solution of hydrophobic monomer in the same organic solvent. By polymerization reactions of the condensation or addition type, a membrane is formed at the interface between the organic and aqueous phases.  2, record 14, English, - interfacial%20polymerization%20method

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The major disadvantage of this procedure is that the hydrophilic monomer can cause deactivation of the enzyme before polymerization occurs.  2, record 14, English, - interfacial%20polymerization%20method

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Plusieurs procédés de microencapsulation des enzymes ont été décrits. Dans la méthode par polymérisation interfaciale, une solution aqueuse renfermant l'enzyme et un monomère hydrophile (polyamine ou glycol) est émulsionnée dans un solvant organique non miscible à l'eau. Par addition d'un second monomère hydrophobe (chlorure d'acide polybasique) on provoque une réaction de polymérisation entraînant la formation d'une membrane (polyamide ou polyester) autour des microgouttelettes aqueuses. Il est souvent nécessaire d'ajouter un agent tensioactif qui stabilise l'émulsion et permet d'ajuster la taille des capsules aux dimensions désirées, celles-ci pouvant varier de 1 à 100 microns.  1, record 14, French, - m%C3%A9thode%20par%20polym%C3%A9risation%20interfaciale

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The IPMP [Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing) payload on STS-41 consists of two experimental units that occupy a single small storage tray(one-half of a middeck locker) which weighs less than 20 pounds.  1, record 15, English, - storage%20tray

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

stowage tray: term officially approved by the International Space Station official approval Group (ISSOAG).  2, record 15, English, - storage%20tray

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

plateau de rangement : terme uniformisé par le Groupe de travail de la terminologie de la Station spatiale internationale (GTTSSI).  1, record 15, French, - plateau%20de%20rangement

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Immobilization technique where a gel or membrane is formed around an enzyme by polymerization or where the enzyme is retained in a preformed polymer by subsequent formation of cross-linked network.  2, record 16, English, - entrapment

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Procédé d'immobilisation dans le cas où l'enzyme est retenue dans un espace délimité par une membrane ou par un champ électromagnétique.  2, record 16, French, - pi%C3%A9geage

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

DuPont's Nomex Omega is the latest addition to the meta-aramid(Nomex) and para-aramid(Kevlar) families, its basic polymer includes components from both families and the Omega fibre allies Nomex's textile characteristics with Nomex's thermal performance and crystalline structure. Nomex Omega reacts to high levels of radiant heat or to the contact with a flame... In the case of multi-layer protective clothing(an external layer as screen, a breathable waterproof barrier and an insulating layer inside), the extension of the Nomex Omega screen layer due to the heat forms a balloon which imprisons an air in-between the screen layer and the breathable membrane.  1, record 17, English, - Omega%20fibre

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La fibre Nomex Omega [marque déposée] de DuPont vient s'ajouter à la famille des méta-aramides (Nomex) et para-aramides (Kevlar). Son polymère de base comporte des composantes des deux familles et Omega allie les caractéristiques textiles du Nomex et les performances thermiques du Kevlar ainsi que sa structure cristalline. Le Nomex Omega réagit à la présence de hauts niveaux de chaleur radiante ou au contact d'une flamme vive [...]. Dans le cas de vêtements de protection multicouches (une couche extérieure écran, une barrière imper-respirante et une couche isolante à l'intérieur), l'allongement du tissu écran en Nomex Omega provoqué par la chaleur forme un ballon qui emprisonne une couche d'air entre la couche écran et la membrane imper-respirante.  1, record 17, French, - fibre%20Omega

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

DuPont's Nomex Omega is the latest addition to the meta-aramid(Nomex) and para-aramid(Kevlar) families... Nomex Omega reacts to high levels of radiant heat or to the contact with a flame : the polymer re-orients itself and the fibre extends along the fabric layer... In the case of multi-layer protective clothing(an external layer as screen, a breathable waterproof barrier and an insulating layer inside), the extension of the Nomex Omega screen layer due to the heat forms a balloon which imprisons an air in-between the screen layer and the breathable membrane. This additional air layer increases appreciable the thermal protection of the garment.  1, record 18, English, - multi%2Dlayer%20protective%20clothing

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La fibre Nomex Omega [marque déposée] de DuPont vient s'ajouter à la famille des méta-aramides (Nomex) et para-aramides (Kevlar). [...] Le Nomex Omega réagit à la présence de hauts niveaux de chaleur radiante ou au contact d'une flamme vive; le polymère aramide se réoriente et la fibre se met à s'allonger dans le plan du tissu. [...] Dans le cas de vêtements de protection multicouches (une couche extérieure écran, une barrière imper-respirante et une couche isolante à l'intérieur), l'allongement du tissu écran en Nomex Omega provoqué par la chaleur forme un ballon qui emprisonne une couche d'air entre la couche écran et la membrane imper-respirante. Cette couche d'air supplémentaire augmente la protection thermique du vêtement de façon très sensible.  1, record 18, French, - v%C3%AAtements%20de%20protection%20multicouches

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[A microencapsulation process] similar to the liquid surfactant membrane has been developed which gives a permanent membrane [Kitajema et al. 1969). This, so-called, liquid drying method is carried out by emulsifying an aqueous solution of the enzyme in an organic solvent which has a boiling point lower than that of water(usually benzene, cyclohexane, or chloroform). The organic solvent also contains the membrane-forming polymer and surfactants. The emulsion is then dispersed in an aqueous medium, which contains protective colloidal substances(gelatin, polyvinylchloride) and surfactants, to give a second emulsion. Removal of the organic solvent by, for example, rotary evaporation from the second emulsion results in the formation of the microencapsulated enzymes.  2, record 19, English, - liquid%20drying%20method

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The major advantage of this procedure is that no deactivation of the enzyme can occur as a result of monomer interactions due to the preformed polymer being used. Disadvantages of the procedure include the low yields of the microcapsules produced, due to problems of preparing the second emulsion, and the time required to completely remove the organic solvent which is essential for membrane production.  2, record 19, English, - liquid%20drying%20method

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Méthode d'encapsulation d'enzyme où l'enzyme en solution aqueux est émulsifiée dans un solvant organique volatile contenant les précurseurs de la membrane d'encapsulation. Cette émulsion est ensuite dispersée dans un milieu aqueux et la phase organique est évaporée jusqu'à ce que l'enzyme soit emprisonnée dans la membrane d'encapsulation.  1, record 19, French, - m%C3%A9thode%20d%27encapsulation%20par%20ass%C3%A8chement

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish