TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

When studying evolution, DNA is especially important in its application to identifying and separating organisms into species. However, DNA is a fragile molecule, and it degrades over time. For most fossil species, there is essentially no hope of ever acquiring DNA from their fossils, so answers to questions about their appearance, physiology, population structure, and more may never be fully answerable. For more recently extinct species, scientists have, and continue to, extract ancient DNA(aDNA) which they use to reconstruct the genome of long-gone ancestors and relatives.  4, record 1, English, - ancient%20deoxyribonucleic%20acid

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Est-il possible d'extraire de l'ADN de restes humains très anciens, afin d'en apprendre davantage sur la génétique des populations? La réponse est oui, grâce à de récentes avancées technologiques. [....] L'ADN humain ancien peut être trouvé notamment dans des vestiges d'os ou de dents. La plupart du temps, il n'est disponible qu'en très petites quantités et a été abîmé par l'humidité ou le climat ambiant. Toutefois, malgré ces obstacles, il est possible d'en tirer des informations.  5, record 1, French, - acide%20d%C3%A9soxyribonucl%C3%A9ique%20ancien

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Epidemiological models are simplified mathematical representations of infectious disease outbreaks to understand the course of disease evolution in a population, by combining various inputs of how a disease spreads with characteristics of a population. They provide insight into the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases, predicting their evolution and are useful to identify optimal strategies for control.  1, record 2, English, - epidemiological%20model

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Des connaissances et des hypothèses sur l'épidémie servent à élaborer des modèles épidémiologiques. Les prévisions sont ainsi des simulations construites à partir d'hypothèses et des connaissances sur l'épidémie traduites en modèles mathématiques. Les modèles sont ajustés pour que leurs prédictions soient cohérentes avec les données de terrain [...]  2, record 2, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20%C3%A9pid%C3%A9miologique

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Molecular epidemiology is a discipline that uses molecular or genetic markers to trace the development of a disease in a population and to understand transmission, as well as the population structure and evolution of bacterial pathogens.  2, record 3, English, - molecular%20epidemiology

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A new approach to aquatic ecosystem analysis is suggested in which [the] top-down reductionist approach is replaced by a bottom-up approach using autonomous agents(programs to represent individual animals). This approach is exemplified by... an artificial life system designed... for modeling population behavior and evolution.  1, record 4, English, - bottom%2Dup%20modelling%20approach

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[The] "bottom-up" approach to the generation of complex behavior is more powerful and simple than that generated by conventional system models, which are constructed in top-down fashion. The behavior of the fish school as a whole does not depend on the internal details of the entities from which it is constructed. It depends only on the details of the way in which these entities behave in each other’s presence. ... it is possible to capture within an aggregate of artificial entities a very lifelike behavior.  1, record 4, English, - bottom%2Dup%20modelling%20approach

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The dominant view of the evolution of life is that all existing organisms are derived from some common ancestor and that a new species arises by a splitting of one population into two or more populations that do not crossbreed, rather than by mixing of two populations into one. Therefore, the high level history of life is ideally organized and displayed as a rooted, directed tree. Study of the life with an evolutionary perspective is of utmost importance. Phylogenetic analysis is the study of these evolutionary relationships.  1, record 5, English, - phylogenetic%20analysis

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le paradigme de la biologie moderne, la théorie de l'évolution, nous impose de retracer l'histoire de l'évolution, autrement dit la phylogénie. En tant que construction historique, la phylogénie - représentée sous la forme d'un arbre - demeure une hypothèse. Par voie de conséquence, il est indispensable d'être explicite à propos des prémisses sur lesquelles reposent les différentes méthodes phylogénétiques en usage. En principe, l'analyse phylogénétique s'appuie sur les caractères intrinsèques aux organismes : caractères morpho-anatomiques, moléculaires, voire éthologiques.  2, record 5, French, - analyse%20phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

En utilisant une technologie basée sur l'ADN et une analyse phylogénétique, le degré de différenciation génétique entre les populations géographiquement isolées a pu être déterminé.  3, record 5, French, - analyse%20phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

analyse phylogénétique : terme extrait du «Glossaire de l’agriculture» et reproduit avec l’autorisation de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques.  4, record 5, French, - analyse%20phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... a geographical list of educational establishments (at all levels) in existence at a given date; and the distribution of new schools in accordance with the growth of the school population.  1, record 6, English, - school%2Dzone%20map

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The drawing-up and methodical application of the school-zone map(carte scolaire) have resulted in a fairer distribution of new schools in relation to the evolution of the school population.  1, record 6, English, - school%2Dzone%20map

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

school-zone map: term used by the U.N.E.S.C.O. World Survey of Education in reference to the map used in France.  4, record 6, English, - school%2Dzone%20map

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

school location map: term in used in Quebec.  4, record 6, English, - school%2Dzone%20map

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Inventaire des établissements d'enseignement ou des organismes scolaires d'un territoire, établi dans des buts de description ou de prévision.  2, record 6, French, - carte%20scolaire

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 DEF

Carte indiquant notamment les régions et sous-régions administratives, les limites des territoires des organismes dont relèvent l'enseignement élémentaire, secondaire, secondaire supérieur et universitaire.  3, record 6, French, - carte%20scolaire

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le plus souvent, la carte scolaire prend la forme d'une carte géographique sur laquelle sont indiqués les établissements faisant l'objet de l'inventaire. Cependant, tout inventaire géographique d'établissements d'enseignement, qu'il s'agisse d'une liste, d'un répertoire, etc., peut porter le nom de carte scolaire.  2, record 6, French, - carte%20scolaire

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Le terme carte scolaire est un générique. Selon les besoins d'un contexte donné, on précisera en parlant de la carte des cégeps, de la carte des universités ou carte universitaire.  2, record 6, French, - carte%20scolaire

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 3 OBS

En adoptant un point de vue différent, on peut parler de carte des programmes ou de carte des enseignements.  2, record 6, French, - carte%20scolaire

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 4 OBS

carte scolaire : terme et définition recommandés par l'OLF.  4, record 6, French, - carte%20scolaire

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The susceptible-infected-susceptible(SIS) model of Weiss and Dishon is one of the simplest models of endemic infections. The model describes the evolution of an infection in a fixed population, with no restriction on the possibility of reinfection of a previously infected and now recovered individual. This is in contrast to the venerable susceptible-infection-recovered(SIR) model, where reinfection is not permitted. Both models exhibit a threshold value of the infectivity, below which the infection immediately dies out. Below the threshold, where only a tiny fraction of the population is impacted, the two models have essentially equivalent statistical properties. Above the threshold, in the SIR model, the infection is self-limiting, since in a fixed population the number of potential new victims, the susceptible pool, is monotonically decreasing in size. The SIS model, on the other hand, describes an endemic infection which can(above the threshold) persist indefinitely, at least at the deterministic level. Thus, the statistics of infection size in the two models above the threshold are very different.  1, record 7, English, - susceptible%2Dinfected%2Dsusceptible%20model

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On considère une population close et on modélise la propagation d’une maladie infectieuse dans cette population. On suppose que les individus composant la population peuvent être dans l’un de deux états : ils sont susceptibles (à la maladie) s’ils n’ont pas contracté la maladie, et infectieux s’ils ont contracté la maladie et qu’ils la propagent. Cela définit donc deux compartiments, l’objet de la modélisation étant de décrire l’évolution du nombre d’individus dans chaque compartiment [...]  2, record 7, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20SIS

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Ce modèle est appelé modèle SIS, pour susceptible-infectieux-susceptible.  2, record 7, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20SIS

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cladogenesis defines those cases of evolution in which one species develops into two or more through adaptation. The classic example is the different species unique to the Galapagos Islands, where small populations of creatures from South America evolved in response to their new ecosystem.... There is disagreement about what constitutes a new species, but it's generally agreed that if the mating of individuals from different populations cannot result in fertile and viable offspring, then they belong to different species. Cladogenesis explains the development of a large assortment of species from a smaller set of ancestral species through evolution. Unlike anagenesis, speciation through cladogenesis does not require the extinction of the ancestral population. Through successive cladogenetic splits, either with or without the extinction of the ancestral population, the total number of species increases over time. Cladogenesis is probably a more common form of evolution and speciation than anagenesis.  2, record 8, English, - cladogenesis

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Événement de séparation de deux clades, c'est-à-dire de deux groupes de taxons qui partagent le même ancêtre.  2, record 8, French, - cladogen%C3%A8se

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[Les taxons constituent des] unités formelles représentées par un groupe d'organismes à chaque niveau de la classification.  2, record 8, French, - cladogen%C3%A8se

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

There are three trends influencing Canada's demographic evolution from the viewpoint of official languages : both major linguistic communities have been maintained; in an ongoing trend, official language minorities are making up a smaller proportion of Canada's population; and Canada's population is becoming more and more cosmopolitan.  4, record 9, English, - demographic%20evolution

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Trois tendances marquent l'évolution démographique du Canada du point de vue des langues officielles : les deux grandes communautés linguistiques se maintiennent; les minorités de langue officielle représentent une proportion de plus en plus réduite de la population canadienne; la population canadienne est de plus en plus cosmopolite.  1, record 9, French, - %C3%A9volution%20d%C3%A9mographique

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ciclo de subida y descenso de una población.  1, record 9, Spanish, - evoluci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20poblaci%C3%B3n

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This capacity for accumulation is due to hypertolerance, or phytotolerance: the result of adaptative evolution from the plants to hostile environments along multiple generations.  2, record 10, English, - adaptative%20evolution

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Just as adaptative evolution by natural selection is less easy in a small population of a species than in a larger one, because the total pool of genetic variability is inevitably less, so it is probable that a group containing many diversified species will be able to seize new evolutionary opportunities more easily than an undiversified group.  3, record 10, English, - adaptative%20evolution

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cette capacité d'accumulation est dûe à l'hypertolérance, ou phytotolérance : résultat de l'évolution adaptative des plantes à des environnements hostiles au cours de multiple générations.  2, record 10, French, - %C3%A9volution%20adaptative

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

L'évolution adaptative résulte de l'action de la sélection naturelle sur les variations dues au hasard. La valeur adaptative ne se mesure que par le succès reproductif.  3, record 10, French, - %C3%A9volution%20adaptative

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A branch of genetics that describes(in mathematical terms) the consequences of mendelian inheritance on the population level. It deals with the frequencies and interactions of genes in so called "Mendelian populations" and studies the influences of agencies such as mutation, natural and artificial selection, migration, mixing of races and chance factors which tend to alter gene frequencies and thus to cause evolutionary changes(evolution).  2, record 11, English, - population%20genetics

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Partie de la génétique étudiant les lois d'évolution des populations.  2, record 11, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique%20des%20populations

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

(...), the distinction between gene mutation in the individual and gene substitution in the population should be kept in mind; only the latter is directly related to molecular evolution.  2, record 12, English, - gene%20substitution

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

(...), il faut toujours garder à l'esprit la distinction entre mutation génique chez l'individu et substitution allélique dans la population: seule cette dernière concerne directement l'évolution moléculaire.  2, record 12, French, - substitution%20de%20g%C3%A8nes

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish