TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The application of auditing procedures to a representative group of less than 100 percent of the items within a population of audit relevance such that all sampling units have a chance of selection in order to provide the auditor with a reasonable basis on which to draw conclusions about the entire population.  2, record 1, English, - audit%20sampling

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Using the power of information technology, [audit data analytics] may be used to analyze or test 100% of the items even in large data populations. This audit approach contrasts with ... audit sampling where not all items in a population are tested.  3, record 1, English, - audit%20sampling

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Mise en œuvre de procédures d'audit sur moins de 100 % des éléments d'une population pertinente pour l'audit, d'une manière telle que toutes les unités d'échantillonnage aient une chance d'être sélectionnées et dans le but de fournir à l'auditeur une base raisonnable pour tirer des conclusions sur l'ensemble de la population.  3, record 1, French, - sondage%20en%20audit

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

sondage de vérification : Le terme «vérification» a été en usage dans les normes canadiennes jusqu'en décembre 2010, date à laquelle un consensus international a entériné l'emploi de la désignation «audit».  4, record 1, French, - sondage%20en%20audit

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

sondage en audit : Le Bureau de la traduction du gouvernement du Canada recommande l'usage du terme «audit» dans le domaine de la comptabilité (REC-13/2013-02).  4, record 1, French, - sondage%20en%20audit

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A selection of units on the basis of certain judgments concerning the make-up of a population.  1, record 2, English, - purposive%20sampling

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Méthode de prélèvement d'un échantillon d'une population qui consiste à choisir les éléments de manière plus ou moins arbitraire, en se fondant essentiellement sur le jugement du sondeur.  5, record 2, French, - %C3%A9chantillonnage%20au%20jug%C3%A9

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Genomic selection refers to genetic improvement of animals or plants through selection based on genomic breeding values(GEBV). Genomic breeding values are computed using a reference population of animals that have high density genotype as well as phenotypic information...  1, record 3, English, - genomic%20selection

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La sélection génomique est une méthode de sélection assistée par marqueurs utilisée pour améliorer les caractères quantitatifs [...] chez les animaux [et] les plantes. La sélection génomique vise à prédire la valeur génétique de candidats de sélection. Le modèle prédictif est calibré sur un ensemble d'individus [d'une population de référence] en utilisant leurs évaluations, en général des phénotypes, et leurs génotypes.  2, record 3, French, - s%C3%A9lection%20g%C3%A9nomique

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A... stabilizing selection in which less fit individuals at both extremes of a distribution are eliminated, reducing the genetic variability in the population.  2, record 4, English, - normalizing%20selection

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A relatively minor change in the antigenic structure of a virus strain, probably resulting from natural selection of virus variants circulating among an immune or partially immune population.  2, record 5, English, - antigenic%20drift

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... it may be due to recombination, deletion, or insertion of genes, point mutations, or combinations of these events; it leads to alteration (usually slow and progressive) in the antigenic composition, and therefore in the immunologic responses of individual people and populations to exposure to the microorganism concerned.  3, record 5, English, - antigenic%20drift

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La dérive antigénique : lors de la réplication du virus, une erreur peut survenir sur un fragment de l'acide ribonucléique (ARN). L'erreur est ensuite transcrite et traduite lors des réplications successives, de sorte qu'un nouveau virus légèrement modifié, c'est-à-dire muté, apparaît. L'accumulation de ces mutations crée graduellement un virus dont les caractéristiques antigéniques diffèrent substantiellement de la souche originale, ce qui lui permet d'échapper à l'immunité due aux infections passées et de réinfecter les humains. Ce phénomène est responsable des épidémies saisonnières de grippe.  2, record 5, French, - glissement%20antig%C3%A9nique

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... the differentiation of distinctive subdivisions from geographically isolated parts of a potentially interbreeding population due to restriction of interbreeding between fractions and natural selection of locally valuable mutations.  3, record 6, English, - geographic%20variation

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In asexually propagated crops individual genotypes are propagated as clones. Clonal selection may be practiced in genetically mixed populations of asexually propagated species. By this procedure superior clones may be isolated from the population. Progress in clonal selection is limited to the isolation of the best genotype already present.  2, record 7, English, - intraclonal%20selection

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Clone: a group of plants originating by vegetative propagation from a single plant.  2, record 7, English, - intraclonal%20selection

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Sélection] réalisée à l'intérieur d'un clone.  1, record 7, French, - s%C3%A9lection%20intraclonale

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ce type de sélection se pratique fréquemment pour maintenir un état sanitaire satisfaisant des plantes à reproduction végétative à l'égard des maladies transmissibles par ce mode de reproduction sélection sanitaire, en matière de plants de pomme de terre.  1, record 7, French, - s%C3%A9lection%20intraclonale

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Selection procedure in a segregating population in which progenies of selected F2 plants are reselected in succeeding generations until genetic purity is reached.  2, record 8, English, - pedigree%20method

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

For the "g" source (Encyclopaedia Britannica) look under "Methods fof plant breeding".  4, record 8, English, - pedigree%20method

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En 1977, le Danemark a mis en place un programme méristématique destiné à remplacer tout le matériel existant sur la base d'une sélection généalogique. Le Danemark est devenu ainsi le seul pays du monde à produire toutes ses plantes de pommes de terre à partir de méristèmes testés contre toutes les maladies.  4, record 8, French, - s%C3%A9lection%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogique

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A sample selection method in which the population is divided first into relatively homogeneous subgroups called strata, from which samples are then chosen.  2, record 9, English, - stratified%20sampling

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

stratified sampling: standardized by ISO (International Organization for Standardization).  3, record 9, English, - stratified%20sampling

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Méthode d'échantillonnage qui consiste à choisir au hasard les individus qui font partie d'un échantillon après avoir divisé la population en tranches relativement homogènes appelées strates.  2, record 9, French, - %C3%A9chantillonnage%20stratifi%C3%A9

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

échantillonnage stratifié : normalisé par ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) et AFNOR (Association française de normalisation).  3, record 9, French, - %C3%A9chantillonnage%20stratifi%C3%A9

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Muestreo en el que la población se divide previamente en un número de estratos fijado de antemano. Dentro de cada estrato se realiza un muestreo aleatorio simple.  2, record 9, Spanish, - muestreo%20estratificado

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Differentiation of local infraspecific groups within a population through continued selection for ecologically useful variations under conditions of at least partial isolation.  1, record 10, English, - raciation

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Acquisition de certains caractères propres à une race.  1, record 10, French, - raciation

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Par toute une série de recoupements avec la préhistoire et la paléontologie, on peut établir qu'il n'y a jamais eu de «races» dans l'espèce humaine : mais tout au plus un processus de «raciation», lié à l'existence de certains groupes isolés.  1, record 10, French, - raciation

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dans le même article, on trouve également le mot : «déraciation».  1, record 10, French, - raciation

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The substantial genetic correlation of size and timing of return that we observe... could have consequences for harvest management. Alexandersdottir(1987) reviewed evidence that selection with respect to timing has had detrimental effects on pink salmon productivity in some fisheries. Our data suggest that selection against later returning fish could have the correlated effect of reducing the individual size of fish in the population.  2, record 11, English, - correlated%20effect

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 CONT

A central objective of population ecology is to understand how populations are spatially structured. An informative way of looking at this is to describe how species abundance varies temporally and spatially and then to identify the mechanisms that can cause synchrony. ... Two principal mechanisms have been identified as the possible cause of spatial synchrony. First, dispersal between spatially structured populations ... and second, the correlated effect of density independent factors that synchronise populations with the same density dependent structure ...  1, record 11, English, - correlated%20effect

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Genetically usable variation.  3, record 11, English, - correlated%20effect

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

For the purpose of sample selection, unit obtained by the division of the population into a finite number of distinct, non-overlapping and identifiable units, so that each member of the population belongs to only one sampling unit.  5, record 12, English, - sample%20unit

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Unité obtenue par la division de la population en un nombre fini d'unités distinctes, non répétées et identifiables, de façon que chaque membre de la population appartienne à une seule unité d'échantillonnage.  3, record 12, French, - unit%C3%A9%20%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[...] ce peut être un individu par ex. un arbre (arbre d'échantillonnage), un nombre quelconque d'individus, une surface donnée de terrain etc. [...]  5, record 12, French, - unit%C3%A9%20%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Le terme «sondage» est aussi utilisé au sens d'échantillonnage.  3, record 12, French, - unit%C3%A9%20%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A set of specifications which describe target and survey population, the frame, the survey units, the size of the sample and the sample selection methods.  2, record 13, English, - sample%20design

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

These terms are sometimes used in the broader sense of "survey plan" or "survey design".  2, record 13, English, - sample%20design

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ensemble de spécifications décrivant la population cible et la population observée, la base de sondage, les unités d'enquête, la taille de l'échantillon et les méthodes de sélection de ce dernier.  3, record 13, French, - plan%20de%20sondage

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Au sens large, "plan d'échantillonnage" est synonyme de "plan d'enquête" ou "plan de sondage'.  3, record 13, French, - plan%20de%20sondage

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The sum total of functionally diverse B and T cells in ones circulation at any given moment.  2, record 14, English, - immunologic%20repertoire

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

To allow recognition of many antigens, the immune system creates a large population of receptor molecules that differ in the primary sequence of their antigen-binding regions. This population is called the ‘immunologic repertoire’ and is formed by a process of diversification and selection quite different from the way other gene products are produced in our cells.  4, record 14, English, - immunologic%20repertoire

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 CONT

This lymphocyte "homing" process disperses the immunologic repertoire, directs lymphocyte subsets to the specialized microenvironments that control their differentiation and regulate their survival, and targets immune effector cells to sites of antigenic or microbial invasion.  5, record 14, English, - immunologic%20repertoire

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Chaque lymphocyte porte des structures de reconnaissance ou sites récepteurs à l'antigène, tous identiques pour la même cellule, qui lui permettent d'identifier un motif chimique [...]. Le motif de l'antigène qui réagit avec ces sites récepteurs est dénommé déterminant antigénique. L'ensemble des sites de reconnaissance portés par les populations lymphocytaires définit le répertoire immunologique possédé par un organisme. On ne connaît pas exactement le nombre de possibilités de reconnaissance des lymphocytes ou le nombre de déterminants antigéniques.  1, record 14, French, - r%C3%A9pertoire%20immunologique

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In 1994, the space-plant-population-progress(SPPP) yield of recurrent phenotypic selection(RRPS) cycle 22 of population A was 5 times the SPPP yield of population A cycle 0. Four-year average 100-plant SPPP yields of cycle 0 of improved narrow-based population B and E were twice that of broad-based population A. Four-year average SPPP yield gains per cycle for populations A, B and E were 64. 4 g, 66. 0 g and 101. 2 g, respectively. Thus, populations vary in their yield response to RRPS but the most rapid progress may be expected in the improved narrow-based populations. Likewise, the plant breeder should find the highest yielding plant in a space-planted population of the improved narrow-based population.  3, record 15, English, - recurrent%20restricted%20phenotypic%20selection

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A mass selection modified by restriction intended to make it more efficient.  4, record 15, English, - recurrent%20restricted%20phenotypic%20selection

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A statistical sampling method in which each monetary unit in an accounting population has an equal chance of selection.  2, record 16, English, - monetary%20unit%20sampling

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Monetary unit sampling is a modified form of attributes sampling.  2, record 16, English, - monetary%20unit%20sampling

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Instead of being an invoice (as in physical unit sampling), the sampling unit is a monetary unit, e.g. a dollar.  2, record 16, English, - monetary%20unit%20sampling

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Méthode d'échantillonnage statistique où chaque unité d'une population comptable a une probabilité égale d'être sélectionnée.  1, record 16, French, - %C3%A9chantillonnage%20en%20unit%C3%A9s%20mon%C3%A9taires

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'échantillonnage en unités monétaires est une forme modifiée d'échantillonnage par attributs.  1, record 16, French, - %C3%A9chantillonnage%20en%20unit%C3%A9s%20mon%C3%A9taires

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Au lieu d'une facture (comme dans l'échantillonnage en unités physiques), l'unité d'échantillonnage est une unité monétaire, p. ex. : un dollar.  1, record 16, French, - %C3%A9chantillonnage%20en%20unit%C3%A9s%20mon%C3%A9taires

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A frequency dependent selection in which a predator selects the most abundant morph in a polymorphic population resulting in a balanced polymorphism.  2, record 17, English, - apostatic%20selection

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Apostatic selection is closely linked to the idea of prey switching.  3, record 17, English, - apostatic%20selection

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Prédation sélective sur les formes les plus abondantes d'une population, sans égard à leur apparence, conduisant à un polymorphisme stable.  2, record 17, French, - s%C3%A9lection%20apostatique

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les prédateurs ne prélèvent pas les proies dans la proportion exacte de leur abondance en un endroit donné. Ils préféreront plutôt consommer la proie la plus commune, ou celle qui est la plus repérable, une stratégie nommée sélection apostatique de la proie. En optant pour cette stratégie, le prédateur diminue l'abondance de sa proie préférée jusqu'à ce qu'elle soit moins abondante, ou moins remarquable, qu'un deuxième type de proie. Lorsque ce point est atteint, le prédateur peut passer au second type de proie.  3, record 17, French, - s%C3%A9lection%20apostatique

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The study of the genetics and ecology of local races and distinct species.  1, record 18, English, - ecological%20genetics

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An essential component of population ecology is the study of population genetics(ecological genetics), which deals with the behaviour of genes in natural populations. Among areas studied are the change of gene frequencies in nature, the operation of natural selection on genetic characteristics, and the occurrence of polymorphism in species in nature. These problems are studied in theoretical model systems, in the laboratory, and in field populations.  1, record 18, English, - ecological%20genetics

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Étude des différents types génétiques d'une espèce, relativement aux diverses caractéristiques du milieu naturel [...] et des variations phénotypiques dues au milieu [...]  1, record 18, French, - %C3%A9cog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Estudio de procesos ecológicos y genéticos y su relación con mecanismos de adaptación, evolución y preservación de poblaciones animales [y vegetales] de ecosistemas terrestres.  1, record 18, Spanish, - ecogen%C3%A9tica

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A sampling method that involves the selection of units from a population based on the principle of randomization.  2, record 19, English, - probability%20sampling

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[Probability sampling] is further characterized by the fact that every unit of the population has a calculable probability of being selected in the sample.  2, record 19, English, - probability%20sampling

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'échantillonnage aléatoire simple est une forme d'échantillonnage probabiliste. Les méthodes d'échantillonnage probabiliste sont très différentes des méthodes d'échantillonnage non probabiliste comme l'échantillonnage de commodité, l'échantillonnage dirigé ou l'échantillonnage en boule de neige. Dans l'échantillonnage probabiliste, un échantillon est prélevé selon une démarche aléatoire qui attribue à chacun des membres de la population une probabilité connue d'être sélectionné.  2, record 19, French, - %C3%A9chantillonnage%20probabiliste

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The original geographic source of seed, pollen or cuttings for which the process of natural selection has resulted in some common or shared population characteristics.  2, record 20, English, - provenance

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Origine géographique d'un lot de semences, de pollen ou de plants.  2, record 20, French, - provenance

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La provenance joue un rôle très important du fait qu'il peut exister des variations considérables, entre des arbres d'une même espèce, mais produits en des lieux différents, aussi bien pour ce qui concerne l'adaptation aux conditions naturelles de la zone d'introduction (climat, sol) que les qualités mêmes de l'arbre (forme du tronc, caractéristiques des branches, productivité, résistance aux maladies).  3, record 20, French, - provenance

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Lugar de origen de un determinado grupo [...] vegetal.  2, record 20, Spanish, - procedencia

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A genetic change in response to selection by a pesticide resulting in the development of strains capable of surviving a dose lethal to a majority of individuals in a normal population.  2, record 21, English, - pesticide%20resistance

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Pesticide resistance in the arthropod pests causing over one million dollars damage to California Agriculture in 1970 was demonstrated.  3, record 21, English, - pesticide%20resistance

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Resistance may develop in insects, weeds, and pathogens.  2, record 21, English, - pesticide%20resistance

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Changement génétique en réaction à la sélection par un herbicide et qui résulte du développement de souches capables de survivre à une dose mortelle pour la majorité des individus d'une population normale.  2, record 21, French, - r%C3%A9sistance%20aux%20pesticides

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Cette résistance peut apparaître chez les insectes, les plantes adventices ou les pathogènes.  2, record 21, French, - r%C3%A9sistance%20aux%20pesticides

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This capacity for accumulation is due to hypertolerance, or phytotolerance: the result of adaptative evolution from the plants to hostile environments along multiple generations.  2, record 22, English, - adaptative%20evolution

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Just as adaptative evolution by natural selection is less easy in a small population of a species than in a larger one, because the total pool of genetic variability is inevitably less, so it is probable that a group containing many diversified species will be able to seize new evolutionary opportunities more easily than an undiversified group.  3, record 22, English, - adaptative%20evolution

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cette capacité d'accumulation est dûe à l'hypertolérance, ou phytotolérance : résultat de l'évolution adaptative des plantes à des environnements hostiles au cours de multiple générations.  2, record 22, French, - %C3%A9volution%20adaptative

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 2 CONT

L'évolution adaptative résulte de l'action de la sélection naturelle sur les variations dues au hasard. La valeur adaptative ne se mesure que par le succès reproductif.  3, record 22, French, - %C3%A9volution%20adaptative

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The law states that the frequency of alternative alleles of the same gene in a population are constant from one generation to the next so long as :(1) the population is large;(2) crosses occur at random;(3) there is no selection pressure favouring a specific form;(4) there is no mutation;(5) there is no migration of part of the population...  2, record 23, English, - Hardy%2DWeinberg%20law

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La loi de Hardy-Wieberg définit l'équilibre génétique : d'une génération à l'autre, dans des conditions idéales où aucun facteur évolutif n'agit, les fréquences géniques restent constantes. Dans le pool génique, c'est-à dire l'ensemble des gènes d'une population, l'allèle R a une fréquence allélique p et l'allèle r la fréquence relative q. La loi pose que dans un système bi-allèlique, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. Cette loi exclut tout phénomène de sélection, mutation ou migration. Si la population «idéale» ne se retrouve que rarement dans la nature, la loi de Hardy-Weiberg nous donne des outils pour étudier les phénomènes qui s'en écartent.  2, record 23, French, - loi%20de%20Hardy%2DWeinberg

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Tandem selection occurs when a population is improved serially over generations, first for one character, then for another and so on.  2, record 24, English, - tandem%20selection

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La sélection en tandem est utilisée lorsqu'une population est améliorée en série pendant plusieurs générations, premièrement pour un caractère, ensuite pour un autre et ainsi de suite.  2, record 24, French, - s%C3%A9lection%20en%20tandem

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A basic probability selection scheme in which a predetermined number of units from a population list is selected so that each unit on that list has an equal chance of being included in the sample.  2, record 25, English, - simple%20random%20sampling

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Mode d'échantillonnage probabiliste selon lequel un nombre d'unités déterminé à l'avance sont choisies au sein d'une population de façon que chaque unité ait une chance égale de figurer dans l'échantillon.  2, record 25, French, - %C3%A9chantillonnage%20al%C3%A9atoire%20simple

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Muestreo en el que todas las muestras tienen la misma probabilidad de ser seleccionadas y en el que las unidades obtenidas se devuelven a la población.  2, record 25, Spanish, - muestreo%20aleatorio%20simple

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Amphimixis can have a short-term advantage over apomixis if selection is used frequently and widely, so that every genotype often has a low fitness. Such selection causes high genetic variance due to frequent allele substitutions, and a high load even with amphimixis. Recombination in an amphimictic population is maintained only if selection is usually strong and effectively directional.  2, record 26, English, - amphimixis

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Fécondation entre gamètes provenant de deux individus différents.  3, record 26, French, - amphimixie

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Anfimixis. Reprodución sexual.  1, record 26, Spanish, - anfimixia

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Selection as breeding stock of those members of a population exhibiting desirable qualities or elimination of those showing undesirable qualities.  2, record 27, English, - mass%20selection

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] choix des reproducteurs après jugement de leurs caractères extérieurs et appréciation de leurs propres performances [...]  2, record 27, French, - s%C3%A9lection%20massale

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Selección artificial utilizada en la mejora de plantas, en la que se mezcla la semilla de los mejores individuos de una generación, para sembrar la generación siguiente.  1, record 27, Spanish, - selecci%C3%B3n%20masal

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A branch of genetics that describes(in mathematical terms) the consequences of mendelian inheritance on the population level. It deals with the frequencies and interactions of genes in so called "Mendelian populations" and studies the influences of agencies such as mutation, natural and artificial selection, migration, mixing of races and chance factors which tend to alter gene frequencies and thus to cause evolutionary changes(evolution).  2, record 28, English, - population%20genetics

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Partie de la génétique étudiant les lois d'évolution des populations.  2, record 28, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique%20des%20populations

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... "intensity of selection", a statistical factor that depends upon the proportion of the population selected to be parents.  1, record 29, English, - intensity%20of%20selection

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... l'intensité de sélection, facteur statistique qui dépend de la proportion de plantes de la population sélectionnée pour devenir des parents.  2, record 29, French, - intensit%C3%A9%20de%20s%C3%A9lection

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The examination of a selection of items from a population with the objective of inferring certain characteristics of the entire population.  1, record 30, English, - audit%20testing

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Étude d'un certain nombre d'éléments tirés d'une population en vue de porter un jugement ou d'estimer certaines caractéristiques de la population.  1, record 30, French, - sondage

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Predetermined procedure for the selection, withdrawal, preservation, transportation and preparation of the portions to be removed from a population as a sample.  1, record 31, English, - sampling%20plan

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Term and definition standardized by ISO.  2, record 31, English, - sampling%20plan

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Procédure déterminée à l'avance pour sélectionner, prendre, conserver, transporter et préparer les quantités prélevées dans une population, pour constituer un échantillon.  1, record 31, French, - plan%20d%27%C3%A9chantillonnage

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Terme et définition normalisés par ISO.  2, record 31, French, - plan%20d%27%C3%A9chantillonnage

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The growing of segregating generations of a hybrid of self-pollinated crops in a bulk plot, with or without mass selection, followed by individual plant selection in F 6 or later generations.  1, record 32, English, - bulk%20method%20of%20breeding

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the bulk method of handling hybrid material the entire population from a cross is grown and harvested in mass each year. Successive crops of seed are sown for five to ten years to allow natural selection for characters, such as cold resistance or insect resistance, to take place. By this time the poorly adapted strains are largely eliminated, while the remaining strains are mostly pure breeding(or homozygous). Plants are then selected, and the progenies tested as previously described.  3, record 32, English, - bulk%20method%20of%20breeding

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Not to be confused with "mass selection".  2, record 32, English, - bulk%20method%20of%20breeding

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dans la méthode "bulk", les hybrides sont cultivés en masse, l'action de la sélection naturelle pouvant être renforcée par une sélection artificielle qui ne peut alors qu'être individuelle.  3, record 32, French, - s%C3%A9lection%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogique%20diff%C3%A9r%C3%A9e

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Méthode qui consiste à cultiver la descendance d'un croisement jusqu'à une génération avancée (F5 à F10 suivant les auteurs) avant d'entreprendre la sélection - ne pas confondre avec "sélection massale".  4, record 32, French, - s%C3%A9lection%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogique%20diff%C3%A9r%C3%A9e

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A selection algorithm is constructed using gradual population and geographic search criteria.  1, record 33, English, - gradual%20search%20criteria

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Critères qui peuvent être assouplis graduellement dans le but de trouver l'unité recherchée (par exemple, dans le cadre du projet de comparaison des collectivités du MAINC [ministère des Affaires indiennes et du Nord canadien]).  1, record 33, French, - crit%C3%A8res%20de%20recherche%20%C3%A0%20gradation

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The auditor's selection for examination of a sample believed to be typical of the population from which it was drawn.  1, record 34, English, - representative%20sampling

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Sélection par le vérificateur pour examen d'un échantillon typique de la population d'où il a été tiré.  1, record 34, French, - %C3%A9chantillonnage%20repr%C3%A9sentatif

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A selection of items drawn from the population to be audited and used in forming a conclusion about the entire population.  1, record 35, English, - sample

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ensemble des individus prélevés sur la population à vérifier et qui sert à formuler une conclusion sur la population entière.  1, record 35, French, - %C3%A9chantillon

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A selection method the purpose of which is to obtain numbers by a computer program, from a table of random numbers or from other sources, and to select the population items corresponding to them.  1, record 36, English, - random%20selection

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Méthode de prélèvement qui consiste à obtenir des nombres, à l'aide d'un programme informatique, d'une table de nombres aléatoires ou d'autres sources, et à extraire de la population les éléments correspondants.  1, record 36, French, - s%C3%A9lection%20al%C3%A9atoire

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 37,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... the situation in which the population is changed en masse by the chosen selection procedure. The outcome is an improved population which is indefinitely propagable by random-mating within itself in isolation... Population improvement methods fall naturally into two groups, those based on purely phenotypic selection(mass selection) and on selection with progeny testing.  1, record 37, English, - population%20improvement%20method

Record 37,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 OBS

une population peut être modifiée en masse par une méthode de sélection. Le résultat donne une population améliorée qui peut être multipliée indéfiniment par croisement au hasard entre les plantes.  1, record 37, French, - m%C3%A9thode%20d%27am%C3%A9lioration%20de%20population

Record 37,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 38,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In a population undergoing selection, characters may be selected independently or jointly; joint selection of two or more characters simultaneously is called "index-selection" and it may be based on economic or economic-plus-genetic considerations.  1, record 38, English, - index%2Dselection

Record 38,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... la sélection simultanée de deux ou de plusieurs caractères est désignée sous le nom de sélection par indice et peut être basée sur des considérations économiques ou une combinaison de considérations économiques et génétiques.  1, record 38, French, - s%C3%A9lection%20par%20indice

Record 38,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 39,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A weight which corresponds to the inverse of the probability of selection of the unit in the sample. More simply put, it indicates the number of units in the population that are represented by a unit in the sample.  1, record 39, English, - sampling%20weight%20for%20a%20unit

Record 39,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Poids équivalant à l'inverse de la probabilité de sélection de l'unité. En termes plus simples, il désigne le nombre d'unités d'une population représentées par une unité de l'échantillon.  1, record 39, French, - poids%20d%27%C3%A9chantillonnage%20d%27une%20unit%C3%A9

Record 39,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 40,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A type of sampling involving the selection of a number of independent samples from a population rather than a single sample. Instead of one overall sample, a number of smaller samples, or roughly equal size, called replicates, is independently selected each based upon the same sample design.  1, record 40, English, - replicated%20sampling

Record 40,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Sélection de plusieurs échantillons indépendants dans une population. Ainsi, plutôt que d'avoir un seul échantillon, on choisit de façon indépendante, en fonction du même plan d'échantillonnage, un certain nombre de petits échantillons de tailles sensiblement égales appelés échantillons répétés.  1, record 40, French, - %C3%A9chantillonnage%20r%C3%A9p%C3%A9t%C3%A9

Record 40,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 41,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In the bulk method of handling hybrid material the entire population from a cross is grown and harvested in mass each year. Successive crops of seed are sown for five to ten years to allow natural selection for characters, such as cold resistance or insect resistance, to take place. By this time the poorly adapted strains are largely eliminated, while the remaining strains are mostly true breeding(or homozygous).  3, record 41, English, - bulk%20seed

Record 41,  Textual support,  French

Record 41,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 42,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The essential ingredients of a recombinant DNA experiment are : 1. A DNA vehicle(vector, replicon) which can replicate in living cells after foreign DNA is inserted into it. 2. A DNA molecule to be replicated(passenger), or a collection of them. 3. A method of joining the passenger to the vehicle. 4. A means of introducing the joined DNA molecule into a host organism in which it can replicate(DNA transformation or transfection). 5. A means of screening or genetic selection for those cells that have replicated the desired recombinant molecule. This is necessary since transformation and transfection methods are inefficient, so that most members of the host cell population have no recombinant DNA replicating in them. This selection or screening for desired recombinants provides a route to recovery of the recombinant DNA of interest in pure form.  1, record 42, English, - DNA%20transformation

Record 42,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En créant expérimentalement des mutations par des rayons UV p. ex., on observe que le spectre d'action des longueurs d'ondes recouvre celui de l'ADN. Les transformations de l'ADN qui provoquent des mutations donnent des renseignements intéressants (sur] l'ordre linéaire des gènes des chromosomes.  1, record 42, French, - transformation%20de%20l%27ADN

Record 42,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 43,  Textual support,  English

Record 43,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Lexique de la Commission de la Fonction publique.  2, record 43, French, - s%C3%A9lection%20de%20la%20population

Record 43,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 44,  Textual support,  English

Record 44,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Relève du Conseil national de recherches. Renseignements fournis par Sally Jackson, Commissariat à la protection de la vie privée.  1, record 44, French, - Comit%C3%A9%20de%20l%27%C3%A9tude%20biologique%20des%20populations

Record 44,  Textual support,  Spanish