TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Immune checkpoints are a normal part of the immune system. Their role is to prevent an immune response from being so strong that it destroys healthy cells in the body. Immune checkpoints engage when proteins on the surface of immune cells called T cells recognize and bind to partner proteins on other cells, such as some tumor cells. These proteins are called immune checkpoint proteins. When the checkpoint and partner proteins bind together, they send an "off" signal to the T cells. This can prevent the immune system from destroying the cancer. Immunotherapy drugs called immune checkpoint inhibitors work by blocking checkpoint proteins from binding with their partner proteins. This prevents the "off" signal from being sent, allowing the T cells to kill cancer cells.  3, record 1, English, - immune%20checkpoint%20inhibitor

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Monoclonal antibodies(mAbs) are... available as immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs). These ICIs target specific immune checkpoints, including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4(CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1).  4, record 1, English, - immune%20checkpoint%20inhibitor

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

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Les inhibiteurs de points de contrôle sont des anticorps monoclonaux dirigés contre les signaux inhibiteurs de la réponse immunitaire que les cellules anticancéreuses mettent en place, en particulier en inactivant les lymphocytes T.  3, record 1, French, - inhibiteur%20de%20point%20de%20contr%C3%B4le%20immunitaire

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Using cell phone triangulation, proximity targeting is able to serve hyperlocal ads to target customers and prospects in the right place, and at the right time. Typically, these time and location data are combined with data from a user's past interactions with the business's mobile app or website, along with demographics, thereby creating both a geographical and behavioral profile of the user. By doing so, advertisers can offer promotions that are relevant and usable at the time of visitation to a store.  2, record 2, English, - proximity%20targeting

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le ciblage de proximité permet d'associer un utilisateur de téléphone cellulaire à une annonce faisant la promotion d'une entreprise située à proximité de l'endroit où il se trouve au moment de la diffusion de l'annonce.  2, record 2, French, - ciblage%20de%20proximit%C3%A9

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

It is often useful to make a distinction between a "dose-effect" relationship, i.e. the graded response after exposure to varying doses of a toxicant, and a "dose-response" relationship, i.e. the incidence at which a "quantal" response occurs in a population exposed to varying doses of the toxicant.  2, record 3, English, - dose%2Deffect

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The dose-effect relationship is the relationship between dose and effect on the individual level. An increase in dose may increase the intensity of an effect, or a more severe effect may result. A dose-effect curve may be obtained at the level of the whole organism, the cell or the target molecule. Some toxic effects, such as death or cancer, are not graded but are "all or none" effects.  3, record 3, English, - dose%2Deffect

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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Si la relation dose-effet correspond à la «relation entre la quantité de produit chimique absorbée et l'intensité d'un effet biologique de nature donnée chez un individu», la relation dose-réponse, correspond pour sa part à la «relation entre la quantité de produit chimique absorbée et la proportion d'individus d'un groupe présentant un effet de nature et d'intensité données».  2, record 3, French, - dose%2Deffet

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A laboratory-made protein derived from clones of a single B cell that binds to a specific target, thus mimicking the natural antibody response.  4, record 4, English, - monoclonal%20antibody

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

monoclonal antibody; mAb; MoAb: designations usually used in the plural.  5, record 4, English, - monoclonal%20antibody

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Protéine, fabriquée en laboratoire à partir de clones d'un seul lymphocyte B, qui se fixe sur une cible précise, reproduisant ainsi la réponse des anticorps naturels.  3, record 4, French, - anticorps%20monoclonal

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

anticorps monoclonal; AcM : désignations habituellement utilisées au pluriel.  4, record 4, French, - anticorps%20monoclonal

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Anticuerpo que se puede obtener en el laboratorio y que tiene la propiedad de ser altamente específico contra un epitope.  2, record 4, Spanish, - anticuerpo%20monoclonal

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Los anticuerpos monoclonales pueden producirse por un hibridoma o por una célula productora de anticuerpos específicos contra un antígeno en particular.  2, record 4, Spanish, - anticuerpo%20monoclonal

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Puede emplearse para localizar tumores y se está investigando la viabilidad de utilizarlo para atacar células cancerosas.  3, record 4, Spanish, - anticuerpo%20monoclonal

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

deconvolution microscope : using the deconvolution microscope, researchers can see the locations of target molecules inside the cell. Seeing where glowing molecules reside within a cell is helpful for a range of research projects--from studies of how the distribution of various proteins changes during an organism's development to investigations of how administration of a drug alters the locations of certain proteins. The microscope, called DeltaVision, is manufactured by Applied Precision, based in Issaquah, Wash. It works by magnifying images and quantifying the intensity of light shed by the sample. The user specifies which colors of light are of interest. For instance, a user can program the microscope to report the intensity of a particular shade of green shining from the cytoplasm of a cell. After a researcher uses the microscope to make a series of optical slices through a specimen, the scope's computer "deconvolves" the images--in other words, it subtracts the out-of-focus light. Then the computer stacks together the images of the slices to reconstruct the original microscope sample. This gives researchers gh-resolution images of the sample's three-dimensional structure.  2, record 5, English, - wide%20field%20deconvolution%20microscopy

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

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La microscopie de déconvolution à champ large est réalisée avec un microscope à fluorescence de facture classique. Les images obtenues sont donc «parasitées» par la fluorescence émise hors du plan de focalisation. Toutefois, un traitement informatique permet d'éliminer ce problème [...] Cette technique [...] permet d'utiliser des intensités d'illumination beaucoup plus faibles que celles qui sont mises en œuvre par la microscopie confocale.  1, record 5, French, - microscopie%20de%20d%C3%A9convolution%20%C3%A0%20champ%20large

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Tiré du Technoscope.  2, record 5, French, - microscopie%20de%20d%C3%A9convolution%20%C3%A0%20champ%20large

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A nanoparticle composed of a [gold] metallic shell surrounding a semiconductor.  7, record 6, English, - gold%20nanoshell

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

When nanoshells reach a target cancer cell, they can be irradiated with near-infrared light or excited with a magnetic field, either of which will cause the nanoshell to become hot, killing the cancer cell.  7, record 6, English, - gold%20nanoshell

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This chemical sensing technique relies on nanoparticles consisting of gold and silica called nanoshells, invented 10 years ago at Rice by nanophotonics pioneer Naomi Halas. Nanoshells are about 20 times smaller than a red blood cell, and they can amplify light waves and focus them so tightly that scientists can use them to detect just a few molecules of a target chemical. Building catalysts directly on the surface of the nanoparticles themselves allows researchers to use the nanosensing capabilities of nanoshells to directly follow chemical reactions on the catalyst using light.  8, record 6, English, - gold%20nanoshell

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Particule sphérique constituée d'un noyau de silicium enrobé d'or, qui dégage de la chaleur lorsqu'elle est pénétrée par un rayon infrarouge ou un rayon X.  3, record 6, French, - nanobille%20d%27or

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Cette nanobille est utilisée en médecine pour le traitement du cancer. Elle peut tuer une tumeur lorsqu'elle est accrochée à celle-ci.  4, record 6, French, - nanobille%20d%27or

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Chaque «hairpin» est fonctionnalisé par une nanobille d'or.  4, record 6, French, - nanobille%20d%27or

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A substance capable of preventing full expression of the biologic effects of androgenic hormones on responsive tissues, either by producing antagonistic effects on the target tissue, as estrogens do, or by merely inhibiting androgenic effects, such as by competing for binding sites at the cell surface.  3, record 7, English, - antiandrogen

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les androgènes sont les hormones responsables des caractères masculins comme les poils sur la poitrine et sur le visage. L’androgène le plus connu et le plus présent chez l’homme est la testostérone [...] Les médicaments anti-androgènes bloquent le fonctionnement de la testostérone et empêchent son action.  2, record 7, French, - antiandrog%C3%A8ne

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Agente hormonal [...] que bloquea las funciones de las hormonas masculinas.  2, record 7, Spanish, - antiandr%C3%B3geno

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[...] se utiliza en el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata. También aumenta la eficacia de otras terapias hormonales.  2, record 7, Spanish, - antiandr%C3%B3geno

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Referring to] a substance capable of preventing full expression of the biologic effects of androgenic hormones on responsive tissues, either by producing antagonistic effects on the target tissue, as estrogens do, or by merely inhibiting androgenic effects, such as by competing for binding sites at the cell surface.  2, record 8, English, - antiandrogenic

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Qui s'oppose à l'action des androgènes, hormones stéroïdes qui favorisent le développement des organes génitaux externes chez l'homme, la formation du sperme et l'apparition des caractères sexuels secondaires masculins.  3, record 8, French, - antiandrog%C3%A8ne

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Structurally, the signaling molecules used by plants and animals range in complexity from simple gases to proteins. Some of these molecules carry signals over long distances, whereas others act locally to convey information between neighboring cells. In addition, signaling molecules differ in their mode of action on their target cells. Some signaling molecules are able to cross the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus, whereas most bind to receptors expressed on the target cell surface.  3, record 9, English, - signaling%20molecule

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

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De nombreux types cellulaires sécrètent des molécules de signalisation, de nature biochimique variée, qui agissent à plus ou moins longue distance. [...] Les molécules de signalisation peuvent être hydrophobes, comme les stéroïdes traversant les membranes pour activer leur récepteur intracytoplasmique, ou hydrophiles comme les neurotransmetteurs et la plupart des hormones, activant alors des récepteurs à la surface membranaire.  3, record 9, French, - mol%C3%A9cule%20de%20signalisation

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[A] cytotoxic cell involved in antibody-dependent cell-mediated immune responses[, that uses Fc] receptors [to recognize] IgG [immunoglobulin G] molecules [to] lyse or damage IgG-coated target cells without mediation of complement.  4, record 10, English, - killer%20cell

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Kinds of null cells are killer cells and natural killer cells.  5, record 10, English, - killer%20cell

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La cellule K [...] se lie [aux anticorps] par l'intermédiaire de récepteurs Fc (ou récepteurs pour le fragment Fc des IgG [immunoglobulines G]). [Son] action destructrice est directe et ne nécessite pas l'intervention du complément.  5, record 10, French, - cellule%20tueuse

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Linfocito que se desarrolla en la médula ósea representando una pequeña porción de la población de linfocitos y carece de los marcadores de superficie de los linfocitos B y T. Estimulada por la presencia de un antígeno, la célula nula ataca directamente, sin que tenga que mediar otro mecanismo, por lo que se les llama asesinas naturales.  1, record 10, Spanish, - c%C3%A9lula%20nula

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Some of the AMPs [antimicrobial peptides] may be useful for humans. Clinical mycoses are on the increase with the increased use of immunosuppressants in transplants and also in immunosuppressive diseases. Antimicrobial peptides or drugs based on their mode of action may have pharmacological value in the future against human fungal pathogens.  2, record 11, English, - antimicrobial%20peptide

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Antimicrobial peptide defenses : amino acid chains that generally disrupt the membranes of a target cell, causing the breakdown of the cell.  3, record 11, English, - antimicrobial%20peptide

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Recherche de molécules à activité biologique: les peptides antimicrobiens. Depuis la découverte par le Professeur Hans Boman en 1980 du premier peptide antimicrobien, plus de cinq cents autres molécules ont été caractérisées. Ces peptides, mis en évidence dans tous les phyla, présentent un large spectre d'activité contre les bactéries, les champignons filamenteux et les levures. De nombreux travaux montrent qu'ils jouent un rôle clé dans les mécanismes immunitaires innés puisqu'ils participent efficacement, et cela chez tous les métazoaires, à la lutte contre les microorganismes que ce soit au niveau cellulaire (destruction des bactéries phagocytées), au niveau humoral ou encore au niveau des épithélia et des muqueuses.  2, record 11, French, - peptide%20antimicrobien

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Proteínas de origen natural que tienen propiedades antibióticas [...]  1, record 11, Spanish, - p%C3%A9ptido%20antimicrobiano

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A CHO cell [Chinese hamster ovary cell] line with a single copy of the DHFR [dihydrofolate reductase] locus on chromosome Z2 was used to analyze the structure of the amplification target and products subsequent to the initial amplification event. Dramatic diversity in the number and cytogenetic characteristics of DHFR amplicons was observed as soon as eight to nine cell doublings following the initial event.  1, record 12, English, - amplicon

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'amplification est un moyen d'activation de certains proto-oncogènes dans des cancers humains. Qu'elle apparaisse sous forme intra- ou extrachromosomique, la région génomique amplifiée, ou amplicon, semble résulter d'événements initiaux de recombinaison qui pourraient être communs à d'autres types d'altérations génétiques (délétions, translocations). Souvent de grande taille, l'amplicon peut contenir plusieurs gènes adjacents à celui dont l'amplification - et la surexpression - confèrent un avantage sélectif aux cellules qui le portent.  1, record 12, French, - amplicon

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Tiré du périodique : Genes and Development, 1991, 5 (2), pp. 160-174.  2, record 12, French, - amplicon

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The process by which a neurotransmitter is released, crosses the synapse, and affects the action of the target cell.  1, record 13, English, - neurotransmission

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Passage de l'information nerveuse d'un neurone à l'autre.  2, record 13, French, - neurotransmission

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dans les années 60, sept à huit substances étaient considérées comme des neurotransmetteurs et la synapse était décrite comme un système simple de transmission de l'information nerveuse de neurone à neurone. Aujourd'hui plus d'une trentaine de molécules sont candidates au rôle de neurotransmetteur et le concept de synapse a évolué. La mise en évidence de processus locaux de régulation de la neurotransmission fait de la synapse non seulement un lieu de transduction de l'information mais aussi le siège de son intégration, de son adaptation à l'état dans lequel se trouve l'élément post-synaptique qui la reçoit. Ces mécanismes agissent comme modulateurs de la transmission chimique de l'influx nerveux.  1, record 13, French, - neurotransmission

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Protein made by genetic engineering consisting of a toxin fused to a ligand which binds selectively to a target cell.  1, record 14, English, - recombinant%20toxin

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Protéine toxique et multifonctionnelle codée par un gène recombinant.  1, record 14, French, - toxine%20recombinante

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Proteína tóxica multifuncional codificada por un gen recombinante.  1, record 14, Spanish, - toxina%20recombinante

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Main target of HIV [human immunodeficiency virus] are two white blood cells; the lymphocyte and the macrophage. In particular, a subset of lymphocytes called T4 cells are infected; the hallmark of AIDS is a depletion of the T4 population. Unlike T4 cells, the macrophage is not killed by HIV. It may serve as a reservoir for the virus.  2, record 15, English, - target%20cell

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le VIH [virus de l'immunodéficience humaine] est, tout comme les autres virus, un parasite intracellulaire : isolée, la particule virale est inerte; elle ne nuit que lorsqu'elle pénètre dans une cellule. Les infections virales débutent par la fixation des particules virales sur un récepteur membranaire des cellules cibles : c'est la molécule CD4 [cluster de différentiation 4] pour le VIH.  1, record 15, French, - cellule%20cible

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Célula que presenta un antígeno combinado con moléculas del [...] complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad (familia de genes del cromosoma 6), en los linfocitos T citotóxicos.  1, record 15, Spanish, - c%C3%A9lula%20diana

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Hypothetical model for the existence of various prion strains postulating that PrPsc carries a modification, for example carbohydrate residues, which varies from strain to strain and targets a particular subset of cells. These cells would impart the same modification to the newly formed PrPsc molecules.  2, record 16, English, - targeting%20hypothesis

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The conical expansion of an axon from the cell body, where action potentials are initiated.  2, record 17, English, - axon%20hillock

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Information arrives at the dendrites or cell body, is integrated at the axon hillock, conducted down the axon and disseminated to target cells through the nerve terminal.  3, record 17, English, - axon%20hillock

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dans le neurone ganglionnaire de type I, une cellule gliale entoure le corps cellulaire et le cône axonique, formant une mince gaine de myéline.  2, record 17, French, - c%C3%B4ne%20axonique

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) consists of a nucleoid core and the surrounding protein matrix, both enclosed in a lipid envelope. The nucleoid core contains the viral genetic material and the reverse transcriptase enzyme, which are used in viral replication. The transmembrane glycoprotein and the envelope glycoprotein are attached to the envelope; these proteins enable HIV to bind and fuse with a target host cell.  1, record 18, English, - envelope%20glycoprotein

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le VIH 1 se réplique dans les cellules exprimant le récepteur CD4, macrophages et lymphocytes T auxiliaires essentiellement. L'entrée du VIH 1 requiert la molécule CD4, sur laquelle s'attache la glycoprotéine d'enveloppe du virus.  1, record 18, French, - glycoprot%C3%A9ine%20d%27enveloppe

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Statistique février 1969 classification internationale des maladies  1, record 19, French, - an%C3%A9mie%20%C3%A0%20h%C3%A9maties%20en%20cible

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The observation that microglial cells in brain tissue are probably a major target for human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection has raised interest in the pathogenic role of this cell population for the development of neuro-AIDS.(In Virology :(New York. NY). 1993, 195(2) 561-568, cited in PASCAL data bank).  1, record 20, English, - neuro%2DAIDS

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

neuro sida (Relevé dans Inst. Med. 1991, 62 (0003) 00029-0 0032, cité dans la base de données PASCAL.)  2, record 20, French, - neuro%2DSIDA

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Pathologie psychiatrique aiguë révélatrice d'une lésion sous-corticale au cours d'un neuro-SIDA. (Relevé dans Encéphale. 1991, 17 (2) 79-81, cité dans la base de données PASCAL.)  2, record 20, French, - neuro%2DSIDA

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[...] neuro-SIDA [...] figure dans un ouvrage du docteur Réjean Thomas, Le Sida, un nouveau défi médical. [...] le terme [...] décrit de façon générique et floue toute atteinte du SNC [système nerveux central] et du cerveau, ainsi que ses manifestations, dans le contexte de l'infection par le VIH.  3, record 20, French, - neuro%2DSIDA

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 2 OBS

D'après l'ACIM (Association canadienne de l'industrie du médicament), le terme neuro-SIDA n'est usité qu'au Québec.  4, record 20, French, - neuro%2DSIDA

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A theory explaining some biological effects of radiation on the basis that ionization, which occurs in a discrete volume(the target) within the cell, directly causes a lesion that later results in a physiological response to the damage at that location.  1, record 21, English, - hit%20theory

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

One, two or more hits (ionizing events within the target) may be necessary to elicit the response.  1, record 21, English, - hit%20theory

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[La théorie de la cible] suppose que, dans chaque cellule, il existe des volumes cibles sublétaux dont l'atteinte par un rayonnement ionisant entraîne la mort cellulaire, et que chaque dose délivrée est indépendante de la précédente.  1, record 21, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20de%20la%20cible

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[A] handoff in which the source and the target are different cells(even if they are on the same cell site).  4, record 22, English, - intercell%20handover

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

If the mobile phone moves from one cell to another during a call, it must be handed over to the new cell. If the neighbour cell is time-synchronous with the current cell, the base station is able to effect a finely synchronized intercell handover.  1, record 22, English, - intercell%20handover

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Although the elliptical terms "Handoff," "hand-off," "handover" and "hand-over" are widely used as synonyms of "intercell handoff" and "intercell handover," it is preferable to use the more precise terms to avoid any confusion.  9, record 22, English, - intercell%20handover

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Dans un système cellulaire de radiocommunication avec les mobiles, transfert par commutation d'une station de base à une autre lorsqu'une station mobile change de cellule.  4, record 22, French, - transfert%20intercellulaire

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La communication entre un combiné mobile GSM [système mondial pour communication avec les mobiles] et une station de base est univoque, mais si on téléphone en se déplaçant, il est possible de changer de cellule. C'est surtout le cas lorsqu'on téléphone depuis un véhicule en mouvement. Il est nécessaire alors de changer la station de base avec laquelle le terminal est relié tout en maintenant la communication : c'est le transfert intercellulaire [...]  5, record 22, French, - transfert%20intercellulaire

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les mots composés avec le préfixe «inter-» devraient s'écrire sans trait d'union.  6, record 22, French, - transfert%20intercellulaire

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A process by which the geometry of an image area is made planimetric; it does not allow the removal of relief and perspective distortions.  2, record 23, English, - image%20rectification

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Image rectification is applied to individual cell files, with the control points for the group used to control the rectification. The rectified cell files are placed into another database known as the target database. Rectification can be applied to any or all of the cell files associated with a group.  3, record 23, English, - image%20rectification

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 OBS

image rectification: term officially approved by the RADARSAT-2 Terminology Approval Group (RTAG).  2, record 23, English, - image%20rectification

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Application à une image de prétraitements destinés à en réduire, à un ordre défini, les aberrations géométriques, voire radiométriques.  2, record 23, French, - rectification%20d%27image

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 OBS

rectification d'image : terme uniformisé par le Groupe de travail de la terminologie de RADARSAT-2 (GTTR).  3, record 23, French, - rectification%20d%27image

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Definition of Controlled Release. A system that : delivers an agent at a controlled rate for an extended time; might localize drug action by spatial placement near where it is needed; might target drug action by using techniques to deliver drug to a particular cell type.  4, record 24, English, - controlled%20drug%20delivery%20system

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Controlled drug delivery occurs when a polymer, whether natural or synthetic, is judiciously combined with a drug or other active agent in such a way that the active agent is released from the material in a predesigned manner. The release of the active agent may be constant over a long period, it may be cyclic over a long period, or it may be triggered by the environment or other external events. In any case, the purpose behind controlling the drug delivery is to achieve more effective therapies while eliminating the potential for both under- and overdosing.  5, record 24, English, - controlled%20drug%20delivery%20system

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] les systèmes à libération contrôlée dont le principe consiste à inclure une molécule biologiquement active au sein d'une matrice ou d'un réservoir capable d'assurer sa libération progressive au niveau du site d'administration (tube digestif, peau, muscle, etc...), si possible selon un profil cinétique donné.  4, record 24, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20de%20lib%C3%A9ration%20contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e%20de%20m%C3%A9dicaments

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La conception de systèmes de libération contrôlée de médicaments est l'un des grands domaines d'application des nanotechnologies. Depuis quelques années, il est possible d'administrer des hormones peptidiques (LH-RH, hormones de croissance, ...) grâce à des micro-capsules : les peptides actifs sont enfermés dans une coque faite d'acides lactiques ou de polymères composés d'acides lactiques et glycoliques. La libération de l'hormone dépend de la cinétique de dégradation des polymères.  5, record 24, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20de%20lib%C3%A9ration%20contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e%20de%20m%C3%A9dicaments

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A covariance matrix is generated using the echo returns. The presence of at least one target within a single range cell is detected. A plurality of consecutive pulses are transmitted in a direction of the single range cell within a sufficiently short period so that at least one target remains within the single range cell while the plurality of consecutive pulses are transmitted. An echo signal is sampled from each of the plurality of pulses. An updated covariance matrix is estimated each time the echo signal is sampled. An eigenvalue decomposition is updated each time the covariance matrix is updated. The number of targets in the single range cell is estimated, based on the updated eigenvalue decomposition.  2, record 25, English, - covariance%20matrix

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

covariance matrix: term officially approved by the RADARSAT-2 Terminology Approval Group (RTAG).  3, record 25, English, - covariance%20matrix

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La matrice de covariance permet d'obtenir une description des propriétés diffusantes de la cible.  2, record 25, French, - matrice%20de%20covariance

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

matrice de covariance : terme uniformisé par le Groupe de travail de la terminologie de RADARSAT-2 (GTTR).  2, record 25, French, - matrice%20de%20covariance

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The intestinal M cell is a target to regulate the mucosal immune system.  1, record 26, English, - M%20cell

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cellule de l'épithélium muqueux, spécialisée dans la captation des antigènes du milieu extérieur.  1, record 26, French, - cellule%20M

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The wall separating cells.  2, record 27, English, - cell%20wall

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The surface of the anilox roller is defined by the cell wall ratio and the separation of the individual cells by the cell wall, in general a high ratio should be the target. The better the demarcation of the cell through the land areas, the more regular is the successful inking of the image particularly of fine printing elements. The cell wall ratio should be as high as possible so that the surface of the printing plate is clean. In order to achieve a constant ink transfer volume, not only must the cell wall ratio be defined but also the characteristics of the cell wall.  3, record 27, English, - cell%20wall

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Surface latérale de l'alvéole d'un anilox.  1, record 27, French, - paroi%20de%20l%27alv%C3%A9ole

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

paroi de l'alvéole : terme et définition tirés du Vocabulaire de la flexographie de France Brodeur. Reproduction autorisée par l'Institut des communications graphiques du Québec.  3, record 27, French, - paroi%20de%20l%27alv%C3%A9ole

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A protein found in the cytoplasmic granules of both T cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells. This protein is implicated in target cell lysis by the above cells.  2, record 28, English, - perforin

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Protéine synthétisée par les lymphocytes cytotoxiques, qui, en se polymérisant dans la membrane d'une cellule, crée des pores et entraîne sa destruction.  3, record 28, French, - perforine

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Químico secretado por las células citotóxicas CD8 y que causa la muerte de las células infectadas o cancerosas.  1, record 28, Spanish, - perforina

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In gas correlation spectroscopy, a cell containing the target gas is placed in front of the sensor. The scene is viewed twice, through the target gas cell and through an empty cell. The gas in the cell serves as a "matched filter" to the target gas in the plume. The "modulated" transmission of the system is very high at the spectral bands of the target gas while it practically blocks transmission at all other wavelengths. The system has a very high Etendue(throughput) and is simultaneously responsive to several spectral lines or bands--increasing the overall sensitivity.  2, record 29, English, - gas%20correlation%20spectroscopy

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 2 CONT

MOPITT will make measurements of infrared radiation originating from the surface of the planet and isolate the energy being radiated from CO and CH4 molecules by using a technique called gas correlation spectroscopy.  3, record 29, English, - gas%20correlation%20spectroscopy

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'instrument [MOPITT] mesurera les rayonnements infrarouges provenant de la surface de la Terre et isolera l'énergie émise par les molécules de CO et de CH4 à l'aide de la technique appelée spectroscopie à corrélation en phase gazeuse.  1, record 29, French, - spectroscopie%20%C3%A0%20corr%C3%A9lation%20en%20phase%20gazeuse

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Treated with these two genomes, the packaging cell produces a crop of retroviruses with : the envelope protein needed to infect the human target cells; an RNA copy of the human ADA [adenosine deaminase] gene, complete with R sequences at each end; reverse transcriptase, needed to make a DNA copy of the ADA gene that can be inserted into the DNA of the target cell and none of the genes(gag, pol, env) that would enable the virus to replicate in its new host.  3, record 30, English, - packaging%20cell

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 2 CONT

To create the retroviral vectors that are used in gene therapy, the life-cycles of their naturally occurring counterparts are exploited. The transgene (in this case, the gene for factor IX) in a vector backbone is put into a packaging cell, which expresses the genes that are required for viral integration.  4, record 30, English, - packaging%20cell

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les différents modes de transfert sont : [...] Injection de cellules produisant le vecteur viral pour éviter son inactivation trop rapide par le complément. Ces cellules sont appelés cellules transcomplémentantes (ou cellules d'encapsidation).  3, record 30, French, - cellule%20d%27encapsidation

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Il s'agit d'un type de cellules utilisées pour produire des virus non pathogènes en supprimant les gènes nécessaires à leur réplication et en les remplaçant par une séquence choisie et des éléments régulateurs.  4, record 30, French, - cellule%20d%27encapsidation

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A compound that serves as a component of cell wall mucopeptide in some bacteria and as a source of lysine in all bacteria.  3, record 31, English, - diaminopimelic%20acid

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Design and synthesis of inhibitors of biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, a key constituent of bacterial cell walls and a target for broad spectrum antibiotics. Special emphasis is on blocking formation and utilization of diaminopimelic acid(DAP) as well as preventing polymerization of the polysaccharide backbone.  2, record 31, English, - diaminopimelic%20acid

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Lysine has two distinct biosynthetic pathways, the diaminopimelic acid pathway and the [alpha]-aminoadipic acid pathway. The diaminopimelic acid pathway operates in bacteria, some lower fungi, algae, and higher plants. It begins with condensation of pyruvate with aspartate ß-semialdehyde and ends with decarboxylation of diaminopimelate. Diaminopimelate is an important constituent of bacterial cell walls. The [alpha]-aminoadipic acid pathway is less widespread and functions in other lower fungi, in higher fungi, and in the protist Euglena.  4, record 31, English, - diaminopimelic%20acid

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

DAP: This might be an in-house or a non-recognized abbreviation; not to be used alone, to avoid any risk of confusion.  5, record 31, English, - diaminopimelic%20acid

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

diaminopimélate : Sel de l'acide diaminopimélique.  4, record 31, French, - acide%20diaminopim%C3%A9lique

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 2 CONT

On utilise pour obtenir un «confinement biologique», des souches d'E. coli réceptrices d'ADN étranger qui sont exigeantes en acide diaminopimélique (DAP), substance uniquement d'origine bactérienne et peu répandue dans l'environnement. On a pu montrer à l'aide de modèles gnotoxéniques que les parois de certaines bactéries de la flore du tube digestif pouvaient servir de source de DAP aux mutants exigeants et permettre leur croissance «in vivo».  2, record 31, French, - acide%20diaminopim%C3%A9lique

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

DAP : abréviation non officielle; ne pas l'utiliser seule, pour éviter tout risque de confusion.  5, record 31, French, - acide%20diaminopim%C3%A9lique

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A secondary novel technology to which the Company has exclusive rights is that of antibody-targeted liposomes. This technology involves the incorporation of an antimyosin antibody into liposome membranes that serves to target the immunoliposome to cytoskeletal protein exposed by cellular membrane lesions. Upon anchoring the liposome to the cell via the antibody the liposome presumably fuses with the cell membrane and repairs the lesion. In vitro and animal model studies have shown that this methodology has been able to preserve cell and tissue viability under anoxic/ischemic conditions. This technology may be able to limit the extent of heart muscle damage during heart attacks and myocarditis.  1, record 33, English, - immunoliposome

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

...Afin d'augmenter la quantité de molécules du médicament pouvant être associées aux anticorps, l'équipe de Pardridge a suggéré d'associer au complexe anticorps/médicament des vecteurs lipidiques, qu'elle a nommé «immunoliposomes». Chaque liposome de 100 nanomètres de diamètre peut acheminer au moins 10 000 petites molécules du médicament.(J. Huwyler et al. (1996) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14164-14169.)  1, record 33, French, - immunoliposome

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The study of viral vectors, or "vectorology, "has disclosed some new candidate viruses to carry the desired gene into the target cell nucleus, like so many Trojan horses. The old standbys are adenovirus and retro-virus. New candidates include lentivirus(HIV) and, widely admired, adeno-associated virus. All of these viruses can be modified extensively in various ways.  1, record 34, English, - vectorology

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Grâce à de nouvelles données sur la structure unidimensionnelle et fonctionnelle de la protéine de l'enveloppe virale, on peut espérer des progrès dans ce domaine de la vectorologie.  2, record 34, French, - vectorologie

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Après la réalisation des premières cartes du génome humain, Généthon poursuit sa mission originale voulue par l'AFM : lever les obstacles à l'avènement des thérapeutiques : (1) création d'un laboratoire de vectorologie, chargé de concevoir, développer puis de produire à la demande des vecteurs de qualité pré-clinique, puis de qualité clinique, animation d'un Réseau national et européen de vectorologie : destiné à fédérer les laboratoires ayant l'expertise et la capacité technique de construction des vecteurs, afin de les rendre accessibles à l'ensemble de la communauté scientifique. A terme, l'un des objectifs est la mise en place d'une vectorothèque, une base de données européenne recensant toutes les données sur les différents vecteurs existants et les résultats des essais de transfert de gènes.  3, record 34, French, - vectorologie

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The physiologic movement of protein molecule along an axon.  2, record 35, English, - axoplasmic%20flow

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 OBS

This is continually moving cytoplasm within the neurone and provides material synthesized by the cell body to meet the physiological requirements of the cell body, the axon and the target tissues. Disruption to axoplasmic flow results in diminished performance of the neurone.  3, record 35, English, - axoplasmic%20flow

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Axoplasme : cytoplasme de l'axone.  2, record 35, French, - flux%20axoplasmique

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

For gene therapy to realize its clinical potential, there must be efficient and safe strategies of delivering therapeutic genes to somatic cells in vivo. Perhaps this problem simply represents a special case of drug delivery in which the therapeutic gene constitutes the drug. But the relevance of traditional drug development to technological developments in gene therapy is questionable. Recombinant genes that can independently express a therapeutic RNA or protein are extraordinarily large and polar molecules--10, 000 times larger than traditional pharmaceutical agents. Moreover, the administration of genes as therapy requires vehicles--so-called vectors--that encapsulate the gene and guide it to the target cell. The binding of the gene to the cell, its internalization, the transport of the administered genome to the nucleus, and the expression of the gene all constitute potential limitations of this process.  1, record 36, English, - therapeutic%20gene

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'un des aspect essentiels du transfert de gènes à visée thérapeutique est la vectorisation de l'ADN par un transporteur jusqu'à la cellule cible [...] dans la plupart des cas, l'ADN doit être introduit dans la cellule, soit à l'aide d'une technique physique ou chimique fragilisant les membranes cellulaires, soit combiné à un vecteur.  1, record 36, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20%C3%A0%20vis%C3%A9e%20th%C3%A9rapeutique

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 37,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A very original set of experiments carried out by the Unit of Molecular Biology of Gene Expression concerns another protein essential for mouse development that is also a transcription factor. This factor known as KBF2 or RBP-Jk is homologous to a Drosophila gene product, Su(H)(Suppressor of Hairless), which belongs to the Notch signal transduction cascade involved in regulating the competence of a cell to respond to specific developmental cues. A likely function of the Su(H) protein is to serve as an anchor on DNA for non DNA-binding transcriptional activators. This function is conserved in the Notch pathway : the activation of this transmembrane receptor likely involves a proteolytic cleavage step which releases its intracellular domain; following nuclear translocation, it activates its target genes by binding to the Su(H) protein, which is already bound to several sites in the target promoters.  2, record 37, English, - Su%28H%29%20protein

Record 37,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La protéine Su(H), impliquée dans l'activité de transmission de ce signal, semble capable de s'associer à la région intracellulaire de Notch. C'est un facteur de transcription qui se lie à certaines séquences localisées dans les promoteurs de plusieurs des gènes cibles de Notch.  1, record 37, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20Su%28H%29

Record 37,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 38,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

For gene therapy to realize its clinical potential, there must be efficient and safe strategies of delivering therapeutic genes to somatic cells in vivo. Perhaps this problem simply represents a special case of drug delivery in which the therapeutic gene constitutes the drug. But the relevance of traditional drug development to technological developments in gene therapy is questionable. Recombinant genes that can independently express a therapeutic RNA or protein are extraordinarily large and polar molecules--10, 000 times larger than traditional pharmaceutical agents. Moreover, the administration of genes as therapy requires vehicles--so-called vectors--that encapsulate the gene and guide it to the target cell. The binding of the gene to the cell, its internalization, the transport of the administered genome to the nucleus, and the expression of the gene all constitute potential limitations of this process.  1, record 38, English, - therapeutic%20gene

Record 38,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Mais surtout, à côté de la pathologie, un fantastique domaine s'ouvre au transfert et à la thérapie génique, c'est celui du gène considéré comme médicament. La médecine utilise en effet toute une série de molécules d'origine protéique, comme les facteurs antihémophilliques, l'insuline, l'hormone de croissance, pour ne citer que les plus importantes. Le futur pourrait être la fabrication directe par l'organisme des molécules actives après transfert de gènes dans les cellules permissives. Mieux encore, on pourra vraisemblablement dams l'avenir injecter directement par voie intramusculaire par exemple, l'ADN génique, les cellules de l'organisme se comportant ensuite comme de mini-usines de fabrication et de mini-unités de distribution.  1, record 38, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20consid%C3%A9r%C3%A9%20comme%20m%C3%A9dicament

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Ceci ne saurait s'effectuer en dehors d'un contexte réglementaire adapté à la complexité des différents niveaux d'intervention que nécessite le transfert de gènes à visée thérapeutique.  1, record 38, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20consid%C3%A9r%C3%A9%20comme%20m%C3%A9dicament

Record 38,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 39,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the ideal world, the diseases would be cured for life by one treatment, with no side effects. And gene insertion into a chromosome in a target somatic cell would be site specific; in what is called homologous recombination, the healthy, or "therapeutic, "gene would exactly replace the damaged copy  1, record 39, English, - therapeutic%20gene

Record 39,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Des gènes marqueurs aux gènes thérapeutiques. De nombreux participants ont manifesté la volonté d'utiliser des approches de marquage avant d'aborder le problème du transfert génique en vue d'une action thérapeutique.  2, record 39, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20th%C3%A9rapeutique

Record 39,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 40,  Textual support,  French

Record 40,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 41,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

(...), the MTD [Moving Target Detection] principle involves dividing up the entire radar coverage area into small range-azimuth cells-(...) called ’coherent processing intervals’(CPI). Eight pulses generated at a constant repetition frequency are assigned to each cell, and each return is subjected to Doppler filtering over a range of velocity values. The particular feature of MTD is its ability to measure the density of clutter and to detect the sudden presence of an additional element-such as an aircraft moving into a particular cell-even though it may have zero relative velocity on account of its tangential track.  1, record 41, English, - coherent%20processing%20interval

Record 41,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le principe du MTD [Moving Target Detection] est de diviser la zone couverte par le radar en secteurs définis en distance et en azimut (...) et appelés «intervalles de traitement cohérent» (ITC). A chaque secteur sont affectées huit impulsions émises selon une fréquence de répétition constante et chaque écho est soumis à un filtrage Doppler couvrant toute une gamme de vitesses. La caractéristique essentielle du MTD est son aptitude à mesurer la densité des échos parasites et à y détecter la présence soudaine de tout élément nouveau - tel qu'un aéronef entrant dans un secteur donné - même si sa vitesse relative est nulle du fait que sa trajectoire est tangentielle.  1, record 41, French, - intervalle%20de%20traitement%20coh%C3%A9rent

Record 41,  Textual support,  Spanish