TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

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Immune checkpoints are a normal part of the immune system. Their role is to prevent an immune response from being so strong that it destroys healthy cells in the body. Immune checkpoints engage when proteins on the surface of immune cells called T cells recognize and bind to partner proteins on other cells, such as some tumor cells. These proteins are called immune checkpoint proteins. When the checkpoint and partner proteins bind together, they send an "off" signal to the T cells. This can prevent the immune system from destroying the cancer. Immunotherapy drugs called immune checkpoint inhibitors work by blocking checkpoint proteins from binding with their partner proteins. This prevents the "off" signal from being sent, allowing the T cells to kill cancer cells.  3, record 1, English, - immune%20checkpoint%20inhibitor

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Monoclonal antibodies(mAbs) are... available as immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs). These ICIs target specific immune checkpoints, including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4(CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1).  4, record 1, English, - immune%20checkpoint%20inhibitor

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

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Les inhibiteurs de points de contrôle sont des anticorps monoclonaux dirigés contre les signaux inhibiteurs de la réponse immunitaire que les cellules anticancéreuses mettent en place, en particulier en inactivant les lymphocytes T.  3, record 1, French, - inhibiteur%20de%20point%20de%20contr%C3%B4le%20immunitaire

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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A laboratory-made protein derived from clones of a single B cell that binds to a specific target, thus mimicking the natural antibody response.  4, record 2, English, - monoclonal%20antibody

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monoclonal antibody; mAb; MoAb: designations usually used in the plural.  5, record 2, English, - monoclonal%20antibody

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

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Protéine, fabriquée en laboratoire à partir de clones d'un seul lymphocyte B, qui se fixe sur une cible précise, reproduisant ainsi la réponse des anticorps naturels.  3, record 2, French, - anticorps%20monoclonal

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anticorps monoclonal; AcM : désignations habituellement utilisées au pluriel.  4, record 2, French, - anticorps%20monoclonal

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Anticuerpo que se puede obtener en el laboratorio y que tiene la propiedad de ser altamente específico contra un epitope.  2, record 2, Spanish, - anticuerpo%20monoclonal

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Los anticuerpos monoclonales pueden producirse por un hibridoma o por una célula productora de anticuerpos específicos contra un antígeno en particular.  2, record 2, Spanish, - anticuerpo%20monoclonal

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Puede emplearse para localizar tumores y se está investigando la viabilidad de utilizarlo para atacar células cancerosas.  3, record 2, Spanish, - anticuerpo%20monoclonal

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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SBVS uses the knowledge of the target protein structure to select the lead compound with which it is likely to interact.  3, record 3, English, - structure%2Dbased%20virtual%20screening

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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Criblage virtuel basé sur la structure de la cible. Le criblage virtuel consiste à filtrer les molécules in silico afin de rejeter celles qui n'ont a priori que peu de chances d'avoir un effet [...]. Pour cela, on utilise des logiciels d'arrimage moléculaire pour simuler la pose du ligand à l'intérieur du site choisi. [...] Un [...] problème est la nécessité absolue de connaître la structure atomique de la cible, ce qui n'est pas forcément chose aisée.  1, record 3, French, - criblage%20virtuel%20bas%C3%A9%20sur%20la%20structure%20de%20la%20cible

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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Protein made by genetic engineering consisting of a toxin fused to a ligand which binds selectively to a target cell.  1, record 4, English, - recombinant%20toxin

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

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Protéine toxique et multifonctionnelle codée par un gène recombinant.  1, record 4, French, - toxine%20recombinante

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Proteína tóxica multifuncional codificada por un gen recombinante.  1, record 4, Spanish, - toxina%20recombinante

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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A far-Western blot(also known as an overlay assay) is used to detect the interaction of a recombinant GST [glutathione S-transferase] fusion protein(produced and purified from bacteria) with a target protein on a membrane.  2, record 5, English, - far%2DWestern%20blot

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

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L'utilisation de la technique de Far-Western, dans le but d'identifier les interactions protéine-protéine entre un virus et son vecteur, ont permis d'isoler deux protéines de thrips de 50 et 94 kDa [kiloDaltons] présentant des affinités particulières pour les glycoprotéines du TSWV [tomato spotted wilt virus].  2, record 5, French, - technique%20de%20far%2DWestern

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

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The tools of contemporary molecular biology generate a bewildering prospect in that an astronomical number of single amino acid replacements can be generated in even a small enzyme containing only about 100 amino acid residues... Oligodeoxynucleotide-directed mutagenesis allows the systematic replacement of every single amino acid residue in a protein in turn... Since only a small subset of possible mutant proteins can be examined in the design and production of engineered proteins, target proteins must be carefully considered, and research must be guided by tools such as X-ray crystallography and molecular modeling. Clearly, however, the predictive power of X-ray diffraction techniques and molecular modeling will be much greater for some amino acid substitutions than for others. Mechanism-based inactivation of enzymes will be easy to predict given a known mechanism of action for an enzyme.  3, record 6, English, - amino%20acid%20substitution

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

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L'ingénierie des protéines est l'ensemble des techniques qui permettent, si possible à partir de la connaissance de la structure tridimensionnelle des protéines, de fabriquer des protéines "sur mesure" entièrement nouvelles ou de remodeler d'une manière rationnelle et spécifique la structure des protéines naturelles afin d'améliorer leur fonction et rentabiliser ainsi leur emploi dans la technologie des aliments, ou les industries pharmaceutique et agrochimique. On peut, par exemple, modifier la stabilité thermique, la spécificité, l'activité, ou déplacer le pH optimum des enzymes. Au sens strict, la modification de la structure moléculaire (obtenue par substitutions d'acides aminés) se fait grâce aux modifications correspondantes au niveau des gènes par mutagénèse dirigée. Il faut souligner cependant que des protéines améliorées peuvent être obtenues également par la modification chimique des résidus d'acides aminés accessibles.  1, record 6, French, - substitution%20d%27acide%20amin%C3%A9

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Record 7,  Textual support,  English

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Nearly every drug molecule works through a structural interaction with a "target" or "receptor" molecule or protein that plays key roles in all biological processes. In the most common model for this interaction, the drug molecule inserts itself into a functionally important crevice of its target protein, like a key in a lock. The molecule then binds there and either induces or, more commonly, inhibits the protein's normal function. This universal drug-target scheme suggests a powerful alternative approach to drug discovery : if it were possible to identify, in advance, the appropriate protein target for a given therapeutic need and if enough were known about the distinguishing structure of that target protein, it ought to be feasible to design the structure of an ideal drug to interact with it.  2, record 7, English, - target%20protein

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

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La discipline [...] «Bio-informatique du médicament» recouvre les activités suivantes : analyser et exploiter les génomes pour identifier les classes structurales et fonctionnelles d'intérêt thérapeutique; [...] modéliser les protéines-cibles dont la structure n'est pas accessible expérimentalement [...]  1, record 7, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%2Dcible

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Record 8,  Textual support,  English

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The human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) consists of a nucleoid core and the surrounding protein matrix, both enclosed in a lipid envelope. The nucleoid core contains the viral genetic material and the reverse transcriptase enzyme, which are used in viral replication. The transmembrane glycoprotein and the envelope glycoprotein are attached to the envelope; these proteins enable HIV to bind and fuse with a target host cell.  1, record 8, English, - envelope%20glycoprotein

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

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Le VIH 1 se réplique dans les cellules exprimant le récepteur CD4, macrophages et lymphocytes T auxiliaires essentiellement. L'entrée du VIH 1 requiert la molécule CD4, sur laquelle s'attache la glycoprotéine d'enveloppe du virus.  1, record 8, French, - glycoprot%C3%A9ine%20d%27enveloppe

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

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The interaction of the HIV-1 Rev protein with its target, the Rev responsive element(RRE). The Rev regulatory protein of HIV Rev is modular protein with a N-terminal RNA binding motif and near C-terminal activation domain.  1, record 9, English, - Rev%20Responsive%20Element

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

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Chaque étape du cycle viral peut constituer une cible d'intervention antivirale. Les agent antiviraux en évaluation dans le monde sont: CD4 soluble, anticorps anti-Env intracellulaires ou secrétés, ribozymes, anticorps intracellulaires antiscriptase inverse (anti-RTase) IFN, leurres de séquence TAR, cible de TAT, inhibiteurs transdominants de TAT, leurres de la séquence RRE de réponse à REV, ARN antisens, inhibiteurs transdominants GAG, CD4 intracellulaires, anticorps anti-ENV "suicide-induit".  1, record 9, French, - s%C3%A9quence%20REE

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Record 10,  Textual support,  English

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The coat of the [HIV] virion bears numerous viral proteins "spikes" that project into the external medium. Each spike probably consists of four molecules of a protein called gp 120 on the outside and the same number of gp 41 embedded in the membrane. These envelope proteins play a crucial role when HIV binds to or enters target cells.  1, record 10, English, - envelope%20protein

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(Gp stands for glycoprotein- the proteins are linked to sugars- and the number refers to the mass of the protein, in thousands of daltons).  1, record 10, English, - envelope%20protein

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

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Les protéines du V.I.H.-1, toutes antigéniques, c'est-à-dire capables d'induire la production d'anticorps. Parmi les protéines identifiées on retrouve les protéines d'enveloppes chargées de sucres (glycoprotéines). La glycolylation d'une protéine de 90 kDa (produit par le gène env) aboutit à un précurseur de 160 kDa intracellulaire dont le clivage par une protéase cellulaire donne naissance à : une glycoprotéine de 110/120 kDa, d'où le sigle gp110/120, N-terminale, la plus externe (EGP), correspondant aux spicules d'attachement; une seconde de PM plus faible (41 kDa) ou gp41, C-terminale, qui est transmembranaire et dotée d'une région hydrophobe qui assure son ancrage à la membrane cellulaire phospholipidique.  1, record 10, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20d%27enveloppe

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The activity of the HIV-1 regulatory protein, Rev. depends on its binding to the Rev Responsive Element(RRE), located within viral mRNAs encoding key structural and regulatory proteins.... The Rev system's essential nature and treshold characteristics make it attractive target for a genetic anti-viral strategy.... To pursue this strategy, we have constructed AAV as in different combinations. These include anti-Rev single chain antibodies(anti-Rev SFV), an optimized RRE decoy, and RRE antisense oligonucleotide gene cassettes.  1, record 11, English, - decoy

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Chaque étape du cycle viral peut constituer une cible d'intervention antivirale. Les agents antiviraux en évaluation dans le monde sont : CD4 soluble, anticorps anti-Env intracellulaires ou secrétés, ribozymes, anticorps intracellulaires antiscriptase inverse (anti-RTase) IFN, leurres de séquence TAR, cible de TAT, inhibiteurs transdominants de TAT, leurres de la séquence RRE de réponse à REV, ARN antisens, inhibiteurs transdominants GAG, CD4 intracellulaires, anticorps anti-ENV "suicide-induit".  1, record 11, French, - leurre

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

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A protein secreted by neuronal target cells and assist homing in the proper nerve axons under the guidance of Ca2+.  1, record 12, English, - netrin

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Protéine jouant un rôle chimiotropique pour l'orientation et le cheminement des tubes nerveux en cours de développement.  1, record 12, French, - n%C3%A9trine

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Record 13,  Textual support,  English

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A protein kinase [that transduces] the cellular signals [promoting] lipid hydrolysis.  1, record 13, English, - protein%20kinase%20C

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[Protein kinase C is a] 80kDa [kilodaltons] enzyme... recruited to the plasma membrane by diacylglycerol and, in many cases, by calcium. The enzyme is activated by diacylglycerol and phospholipid(usually PS [phosphatidylserine]) and is thought to undergo a conformational change upon binding to the membrane. PKC [protein kinase C] phosphorylates a variety of target proteins which control growth and cellular differentiation.  1, record 13, English, - protein%20kinase%20C

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

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Après activation, la protéine kinase C est transférée du cytoplasme vers la membrane où elle phosphoryle des protéines sur les résidus sérine et thréonine.  1, record 13, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20kinase%20C

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Record 14,  Textual support,  English

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A protein found in the cytoplasmic granules of both T cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells. This protein is implicated in target cell lysis by the above cells.  2, record 14, English, - perforin

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

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Protéine synthétisée par les lymphocytes cytotoxiques, qui, en se polymérisant dans la membrane d'une cellule, crée des pores et entraîne sa destruction.  3, record 14, French, - perforine

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Químico secretado por las células citotóxicas CD8 y que causa la muerte de las células infectadas o cancerosas.  1, record 14, Spanish, - perforina

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

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Treated with these two genomes, the packaging cell produces a crop of retroviruses with : the envelope protein needed to infect the human target cells; an RNA copy of the human ADA [adenosine deaminase] gene, complete with R sequences at each end; reverse transcriptase, needed to make a DNA copy of the ADA gene that can be inserted into the DNA of the target cell and none of the genes(gag, pol, env) that would enable the virus to replicate in its new host.  3, record 15, English, - packaging%20cell

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 2 CONT

To create the retroviral vectors that are used in gene therapy, the life-cycles of their naturally occurring counterparts are exploited. The transgene (in this case, the gene for factor IX) in a vector backbone is put into a packaging cell, which expresses the genes that are required for viral integration.  4, record 15, English, - packaging%20cell

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

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Les différents modes de transfert sont : [...] Injection de cellules produisant le vecteur viral pour éviter son inactivation trop rapide par le complément. Ces cellules sont appelés cellules transcomplémentantes (ou cellules d'encapsidation).  3, record 15, French, - cellule%20d%27encapsidation

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Il s'agit d'un type de cellules utilisées pour produire des virus non pathogènes en supprimant les gènes nécessaires à leur réplication et en les remplaçant par une séquence choisie et des éléments régulateurs.  4, record 15, French, - cellule%20d%27encapsidation

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

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A secondary novel technology to which the Company has exclusive rights is that of antibody-targeted liposomes. This technology involves the incorporation of an antimyosin antibody into liposome membranes that serves to target the immunoliposome to cytoskeletal protein exposed by cellular membrane lesions. Upon anchoring the liposome to the cell via the antibody the liposome presumably fuses with the cell membrane and repairs the lesion. In vitro and animal model studies have shown that this methodology has been able to preserve cell and tissue viability under anoxic/ischemic conditions. This technology may be able to limit the extent of heart muscle damage during heart attacks and myocarditis.  1, record 16, English, - immunoliposome

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

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...Afin d'augmenter la quantité de molécules du médicament pouvant être associées aux anticorps, l'équipe de Pardridge a suggéré d'associer au complexe anticorps/médicament des vecteurs lipidiques, qu'elle a nommé «immunoliposomes». Chaque liposome de 100 nanomètres de diamètre peut acheminer au moins 10 000 petites molécules du médicament.(J. Huwyler et al. (1996) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14164-14169.)  1, record 16, French, - immunoliposome

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

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For gene therapy to realize its clinical potential, there must be efficient and safe strategies of delivering therapeutic genes to somatic cells in vivo. Perhaps this problem simply represents a special case of drug delivery in which the therapeutic gene constitutes the drug. But the relevance of traditional drug development to technological developments in gene therapy is questionable. Recombinant genes that can independently express a therapeutic RNA or protein are extraordinarily large and polar molecules--10, 000 times larger than traditional pharmaceutical agents. Moreover, the administration of genes as therapy requires vehicles--so-called vectors--that encapsulate the gene and guide it to the target cell. The binding of the gene to the cell, its internalization, the transport of the administered genome to the nucleus, and the expression of the gene all constitute potential limitations of this process.  1, record 17, English, - therapeutic%20gene

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

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L'un des aspect essentiels du transfert de gènes à visée thérapeutique est la vectorisation de l'ADN par un transporteur jusqu'à la cellule cible [...] dans la plupart des cas, l'ADN doit être introduit dans la cellule, soit à l'aide d'une technique physique ou chimique fragilisant les membranes cellulaires, soit combiné à un vecteur.  1, record 17, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20%C3%A0%20vis%C3%A9e%20th%C3%A9rapeutique

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

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A very original set of experiments carried out by the Unit of Molecular Biology of Gene Expression concerns another protein essential for mouse development that is also a transcription factor. This factor known as KBF2 or RBP-Jk is homologous to a Drosophila gene product, Su(H)(Suppressor of Hairless), which belongs to the Notch signal transduction cascade involved in regulating the competence of a cell to respond to specific developmental cues. A likely function of the Su(H) protein is to serve as an anchor on DNA for non DNA-binding transcriptional activators. This function is conserved in the Notch pathway : the activation of this transmembrane receptor likely involves a proteolytic cleavage step which releases its intracellular domain; following nuclear translocation, it activates its target genes by binding to the Su(H) protein, which is already bound to several sites in the target promoters.  2, record 18, English, - Su%28H%29%20protein

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

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La protéine Su(H), impliquée dans l'activité de transmission de ce signal, semble capable de s'associer à la région intracellulaire de Notch. C'est un facteur de transcription qui se lie à certaines séquences localisées dans les promoteurs de plusieurs des gènes cibles de Notch.  1, record 18, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20Su%28H%29

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

For gene therapy to realize its clinical potential, there must be efficient and safe strategies of delivering therapeutic genes to somatic cells in vivo. Perhaps this problem simply represents a special case of drug delivery in which the therapeutic gene constitutes the drug. But the relevance of traditional drug development to technological developments in gene therapy is questionable. Recombinant genes that can independently express a therapeutic RNA or protein are extraordinarily large and polar molecules--10, 000 times larger than traditional pharmaceutical agents. Moreover, the administration of genes as therapy requires vehicles--so-called vectors--that encapsulate the gene and guide it to the target cell. The binding of the gene to the cell, its internalization, the transport of the administered genome to the nucleus, and the expression of the gene all constitute potential limitations of this process.  1, record 19, English, - therapeutic%20gene

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

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Mais surtout, à côté de la pathologie, un fantastique domaine s'ouvre au transfert et à la thérapie génique, c'est celui du gène considéré comme médicament. La médecine utilise en effet toute une série de molécules d'origine protéique, comme les facteurs antihémophilliques, l'insuline, l'hormone de croissance, pour ne citer que les plus importantes. Le futur pourrait être la fabrication directe par l'organisme des molécules actives après transfert de gènes dans les cellules permissives. Mieux encore, on pourra vraisemblablement dams l'avenir injecter directement par voie intramusculaire par exemple, l'ADN génique, les cellules de l'organisme se comportant ensuite comme de mini-usines de fabrication et de mini-unités de distribution.  1, record 19, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20consid%C3%A9r%C3%A9%20comme%20m%C3%A9dicament

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Ceci ne saurait s'effectuer en dehors d'un contexte réglementaire adapté à la complexité des différents niveaux d'intervention que nécessite le transfert de gènes à visée thérapeutique.  1, record 19, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20consid%C3%A9r%C3%A9%20comme%20m%C3%A9dicament

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The coat of the HIV virion bears numerous viral proteins "spikes" that project into the external medium. Each spike probably consists of four molecules of a protein called gp120 on the outside and the same number of gp41 embedded in the membrane. These envelope proteins play a crucial role when HIV binds to, and enters target cells. Underneath the envelope is a layer of matrix protein called p17, which in turn surrounds the core, or capsid. Gp stands for glycoprotein-the proteins are linked to sugars-and the number refers to the mass of the protein, in thousands of daltons. [From source a].  2, record 20, English, - p17

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le génome viral du VIH comprend 3 gènes principaux soit le gag, le pol et l'env. Les glycoprotéines 120 et gp41 sont codées par le gène env tandis que le gène gag code les protéines du noyau [core proteins] telles les p55, p40, p24,p17 et p7; le gène pol code les protéines p66 et p51 (transcriptase inverse), p11 (protéase), et p32 (intégrase).  1, record 20, French, - p17

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The physical adsorption method for the immobilization of enzyme is based on the physical adsorption of enzyme protein on the surface of water-insoluble carriers. This method often causes little or no conformational change of the enzyme protein, or destruction of its active center. Accordingly, if a suitable carrier for the target enzyme is found, this method may be both simple and effective. However, this method has the disadvantage that the adsorbed enzyme may leak from the carrier during utilization, because the binding force between the enzyme protein and carrier is weak.  1, record 21, English, - adsorbed%20enzyme

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

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L'immobilisation par adsorption met en jeu un grand nombre de forces d'interactions de faible énergie entre le support solide et la protéine : interactions de Van der WAALS, liaisons hydrogène ou liaisons hydrophobes. (...) Différents paramètres vont influer sur la quantité d'enzyme fixée et sur la solidité des liaisons créées. - Concentration en protéine enzymatique (...) - Force ionique du milieu (...) - Température (...) - pH (...) - Taille des particules et nature du support : La masse d'enzyme adsorbée croît avec l'aire spécifique et donc avec la finesse des particules du support, mais en deçà d'une certaine taille, les risques de colmatage dans les réacteurs deviennent importants.  1, record 21, French, - enzyme%20adsorb%C3%A9e

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish