TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A collection of computer files containing the operational data of an organization.  3, record 1, English, - database

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the absence of a suitable crystal structure, computer methods must predict protein conformation from sequence. The most powerful approaches for structure prediction are based on sequence homology or a more general analogy with known crystal structures. Improvements in these methods will require access to data bases containing the basic motifs of protein architecture... The database will also enable us to extract and store tertiary motifs... These motifs can then be slotted into a model-building study when, for example, predicting the conformation of an homologous protein.  2, record 1, English, - database

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The system includes not only the stored information but also the data sublanguage (DSL), a group of subroutines used to retrieve, update, insert, and delete information; and the administrator, the person responsible for the integrity of the data and programs.  3, record 1, English, - database

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ensemble de données automatisées, renvoyant à des unités documentaires primaires.  1, record 1, French, - base%20de%20donn%C3%A9es

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'ensemble des banques de données (séquences d'acides nucléiques, protéines, bibliographiques) actuellement en cours de développement est absolument hors de portée de microsystèmes distribués dans les laboratoires de recherche où la compétence informatique est généralement absente. [...] Des efforts importants sont en cours pour optimiser la structure des bases de données et rendre leur interrogation plus aisée et plus performante à terme.  2, record 1, French, - base%20de%20donn%C3%A9es

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Compilación ordenada de información, usualmente contenida en un sistema de computación.  2, record 1, Spanish, - base%20de%20datos

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The folding of part of a polypeptide chain into an ordered structure such as a α-helix [alpha-helix] or ß-pleated [beta-pleated] sheet; it is the result of hydrogen bonding between adjacent segments of the chain.  2, record 2, English, - secondary%20structure

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Secondary structure prediction has been a reasonably successful approach in polypeptide design. Choice of amino acid sequence was aimed at achieving the proposed folding and to form a sufficient number of specific non-covalent bonds with a particular ligand.  2, record 2, English, - secondary%20structure

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Although the term usually is applied to proteins, it can be applied to other polymers, e.g., the cloverleaf structure of transfer RNA.  1, record 2, English, - secondary%20structure

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The distinction between secondary and tertiary structure is somewhat arbitrary.  2, record 2, English, - secondary%20structure

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Élément structural d'une chaîne polypeptidique, qui peut adopter deux conformations principales, hélice α et feuillet ß, stabilisées par des liaisons hydrogène entre l'oxygène d'un carbonyle et l'hydrogène d'un amide, de même qu'entre les chaînes latérales des aminoacides.  2, record 2, French, - structure%20secondaire

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les protéines globulaires sont, en moyenne, formées d'environ 350 acides aminés et leur chaîne principale peut se replier d'innombrables façons. Le nombre de niveaux de structure différents montre à quel point la variété règne. Tout d'abord, les interactions locales entre des acides aminés voisins sont à l'origine de la formation des hélices alpha, des feuillets bêta ou d'autres types de structures secondaires; ces structures, formant des blocs assez bien définis, s'organisent en domaines; enfin la disposition des domaines les uns par rapport aux autres produit la structure tertiaire. L'existence des mêmes structures secondaires et des mêmes domaines, dans de nombreuses protéines différentes, prouve que [...] toutes ces structures semblent jouer un rôle fondamental dans l'évolution et la diversification des protéines.  3, record 2, French, - structure%20secondaire

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Conformación tridimensional que adoptan las macromoléculas, en particular los ácidos nucleicos y los polipéptidos.  1, record 2, Spanish, - estructura%20secundaria

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Su formación resulta de la acción de fuerzas no covalentes generadas por interacciones entre residuos próximos. Algunos ejemplos son la hélice alfa y la hoja plegada beta de las proteínas y los bucles en horquilla de los ácidos nucleicos.  1, record 2, Spanish, - estructura%20secundaria

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Local interactions between nearby amino acids give rise to alpha helixes, beta sheets or other forms of secondary structure. These subassemblies, acting as more or less coherent units, organize themselves into domains. The geometric arrangement of the domains constitutes the tertiary structure. The presence of the same secondary structures and domains in many dissimilar proteins argues that they are not mere artificial abstractions introduced by the biochemist; on the contrary, they seem to be fundamental units in the evolution and diversification of proteins. Many proteins have a level of organization beyond the tertiary structure. They are composed of multiple polypeptide strands held together by a variety of weak bonds and sometimes further cemented by disulfide linkages.  1, record 3, English, - tertiary%20structure

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Structure spatiale complète d'une protéine, niveau d'organisation supérieur à la structure secondaire déterminé par l'assemblage des formes élémentaires de type [alpha] ou [bêta] selon les trois directions de l'espace et par le pliage de la chaîne, le tout étant stabilisé par des interactions de type non covalent et des ponts disulfure.  2, record 3, French, - structure%20tertiaire

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La structure tertiaire d'une protéine globulaire est très complexe et elle peut être déterminée par la diffraction des rayons X. [...] La rupture de la structure tertiaire par des températures élevées ou par d'autres agents s'appelle dénaturation.  3, record 3, French, - structure%20tertiaire

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Conformación tridimensional que adoptan las macromoléculas completas como resultado de interacciones intramoleculares, tales como puentes de hidrógeno.  1, record 3, Spanish, - estructura%20terciaria

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The association of several protein monomers into a larger unit; the monomers are held together by the same forces that create secondary and tertiary structure, hydrophobic bonding being the most important.  1, record 4, English, - quaternary%20structure

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The quaternary structure describes the way in which certain, complex, usually intracellular enzymes consist of a number of polypeptide chains associated by means of secondary forces to form multi-subunit enzymes.... Evaluation of the functional significance of the quaternary structure is an important part of fundamental studies on the catalytic properties of enzymes. In some enzymes, which exhibit allosteric properties, the main correlations between subunit interactions and enzyme activity are generally understood. However in many other enzymes considerably less is known about the occurrence of subunit interactions or the significance of the oligomeric structure.  2, record 4, English, - quaternary%20structure

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

For example, hemoglobin, A, [alpha subscript 2 beta subscript 2], is composed of two alpha monomers and two beta monomers.  1, record 4, English, - quaternary%20structure

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Façon caractéristique dont les chaînes polypeptidiques s'assemblent les unes aux autres dans la conformation native des protéines oligomériques.  2, record 4, French, - structure%20quaternaire

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Contrairement aux structures primaire, secondaire ou tertiaire qui contiennent une seule chaîne polypeptidique, la structure quaternaire implique deux ou plusieurs chaînes. Ces chaînes sont ou ne sont pas identiques, mais dans les deux cas elles sont reliées par des liaisons faibles (non convalentes). [...] Le maintien d'une protéine dans une structure tertiaire et quaternaire déterminée est essentiel pour son activité biologique (enzymatique par exemple).  3, record 4, French, - structure%20quaternaire

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Cet ensemble n'est pas une organisation immuable : c'est un état d'équilibre entre l'association et la dissociation partielle des chaînes.  2, record 4, French, - structure%20quaternaire

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Nivel de estructura proteínica en el que varias moléculas individuales se unen y forman una agrupación funcional.  1, record 4, Spanish, - estructura%20cuaternaria

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

El ejemplo clásico lo constituye la hemoglobina, un complejo de cuatro unidades.  1, record 4, Spanish, - estructura%20cuaternaria

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Theory according to which the binding of a substrate to an enzyme may cause conformational changes that align the catalytic groups in their correct orientations.  2, record 5, English, - induced%2Dfit%20theory

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

There is good evidence that yeast hexokinase, which phosphorylates glucose with the terminal phosphate of ATP, involves the induced fit theory. X-ray diffraction studies show that the binding of both the sugar and the nucleotide causes extensive changes in tertiary structure. Also, the binding of the nucleotide to one form of the enzyme is promoted by sugar binding. These results are in accord with earlier solution studies on the ATPase activity of the enzyme in the absence of glucose.  2, record 5, English, - induced%2Dfit%20theory

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Théorie selon laquelle l'interaction enzyme-substrat peut causer un changement conformationnel dans la protéine enzymatique.  2, record 5, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20de%20l%27ajustement%20induit

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La proposition faite par Koshland dès 1958 considère que le site actif, du fait d'un large déploiement d'amino-acides dans son environnement, possède une certaine flexibilité. De ce fait, au moment de l'entrée du substrat, le site actif réagit en s'adaptant minutieusement à la conformation du substrat et entreprend alors le processus de catalyse. Cette théorie de l'ajustement induit [...] a reçu des supports expérimentaux. Elle permet en outre de comprendre aisément la pénétration du substrat et le départ des produits en fin de réaction.  3, record 5, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20de%20l%27ajustement%20induit

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Adjustment of the tertiary structure of proteins in response to external factors.  2, record 6, English, - conformational%20modification

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ajustement de la structure tridimensionnelle des protéines en réponse à des facteurs externes.  2, record 6, French, - modification%20conformationnelle

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Amino acid residue directly involved in the covalent bond changes during enzyme action.  2, record 7, English, - catalytic%20residue

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Chymotrypsinogen has a single polypeptide chain of 245 residues held together by five intrachain disulfide bridges... It is converted into active [alpha] chymotrypsin by the enzymatic hydrolysis of four peptide linkages, by sequential action of trypsin and chymotrypsin, with the release of two dipeptides. The active [alpha] chymotrypsin produced this way consists of three polypeptide chains held together by two-S-S bonds. Thus the two specific residues essential for catalytic activity, histidine 57 and serine 195, are present in two different chains. However, it has been directly established by x-ray analysis of the tertiary structure of chymotrypsin that these... catalytic residues... are actually very close to each other in the conformation of the native enzyme.  1, record 7, English, - catalytic%20residue

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le chymotrypsinogène est composé d'une chaîne polypeptidique unique contenant 245 acides aminés et comportant cinq liaisons disulfure intracaténaires. Il est transformé en [alpha]-chymotrypsine active par l'hydrolyse enzymatique de quatre liaisons peptidiques sous l'influence séquentielle de la trypsine et de la chymotrypsine, avec libération de deux dipeptides. L'[alpha]-chymotrypsine active ainsi produite est constituée de trois chaînes polypeptidiques maintenues par deux liaisons -S-S. Ainsi, les deux acides aminés spécifiques essentiels à l'activité catalytique, l'histidine en position 57 et la sérine 195, se trouvent dans deux chaînes différentes. Néanmoins, des analyses aux rayons X de la structure tertiaire de la chymotrypsine ont établi directement que ces [...] résidus catalytiques [...] se trouvent en fait très proches l'un de l'autre dans la conformation de l'enzyme natif.  2, record 7, French, - r%C3%A9sidu%20catalytique

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Triggered conformational changes... are the motions of groups of atoms(i. e. individual side-chains) or whole sections of a protein(i. e. loops of chain, domains of secondary and tertiary structure, or subunit), which occur as a response to a specific stimulus. The distance moved can be as much as 10 [angstrom unit] or more. The time scale can be estimated by studies of the rate of binding or turnover reactions. The energy for triggered conformational change comes from specific interactions, such as electrostatic attractions or hydrogen bonding interactions. The best-known example of a triggered conformational change is the transition in tertiary structure that occurs when ligands bind to the iron atoms of hemoglobin.  1, record 8, English, - triggered%20conformational%20change

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The types of substances whose binding can trigger a specific conformational change include substrates (dihydroxyacetone phosphate in triose phosphate isomerase), coenzymes (NAD binding to lactate dehydrogenase), allosteric effectors (CTP and ATP in aspartic transcarbamylase), inhibitors (statine-containing polypeptide inhibitors of acid proteases) and even protons (the Bohr effect in hemoglobin; pH-dependent conformational changes in adenylate kinase).  1, record 8, English, - triggered%20conformational%20change

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Modification de la conformation des protéines provoquée par la fixation de ligands à leur surface. Parmi ces ligands, notons les substrats, activateurs, inhibiteurs et coenzymes.  2, record 8, French, - changement%20de%20conformation%20prot%C3%A9ique%20induit

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Instead of relationships between two entities, ORM presents the "roles" that entities, attributes and domains play in the organization's structure. Indeed, these roles define the relationships between entities. Roles(Relationships for our purposes here) are represented by adjacent boxes containing the two or more relationship names and connected to the entities by solid lines. Relationships are not limited to being binary. Tertiary and higher order relationships are permitted. In many ways, ORM is the most versatile and most descriptive of the modeling techniques presented here. It has an extensive capability for describing constraints that apply to sets of entities and attributes. It is not oriented just towards entities and relationships, but toward objects and the roles they play--where an "object" may be an entity, an attribute, or a domain. It is constructed to make it easy to describe diagrams in English, although it lacks a discipline for constructing the English sentences.  1, record 9, English, - Object%20Role%20Modeling

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Technique de modélisation qui permet d'établir le rôle des différentes entités (objets) dans la structure de l'organisation.  1, record 9, French, - mod%C3%A9lisation%20de%20r%C3%B4les%20d%27objet

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In reference to monohydric alcohols, amines, and a few related compounds, this term [primary], together with secondary and tertiary, describes the molecular structure of isomeric or chemically similar individuals. Monohydric alcohols are based on the methanol group,-C-OH, in which three of the bonds [up, down and left side] of the methanol carbon may be attached either to hydrogen atoms or to alkyl groups.... A secondary alcohol has two alkyl groups and one hydrogen.... The three types can be readily identified by the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the central(methanol) carbon atom : if it is 2 or more, the alcohol is primary; if 1, it is secondary; and if zero, it is tertiary. For example, CH₃CH₂OH; is primary;(CH₃) CHOH; is secondary;(CH₃) ₃COH is tertiary.  1, record 10, English, - secondary%20alcohol

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Nom générique des alcools renfermant le groupement bivalent -CHOH-.  2, record 10, French, - alcool%20secondaire

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On distingue trois classes d'alcools, selon le nombre d'atomes d'hydrogènes attachés à l'atome de carbone porteur du groupe OH : les alcools tertiaires R₃COH, les alcools secondaires R₂CHOH et les alcools primaires RCH₂OH (auxquels se rattache le méthanol CH₃OH).  3, record 10, French, - alcool%20secondaire

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Terme uniformisé par le CUTA Maintenance.  2, record 11, French, - structure%20tertiaire

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The formation of tertiary structure brings distant portions of the primary structure close together. Some proteins possess quaternary structure, the association of two or more polypeptide chains into a multisubunit, or oligomeric, protein. The polypeptide chains of an oligomeric protein may be identical or different.  1, record 12, English, - oligomeric%20protein

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Protéine complexe composée de deux ou plusieurs sous-unités constituées de chaînes polypeptidiques.  2, record 12, French, - oligom%C3%A8re

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Several proteins or parts of proteins that do not have homologous sequences are observed to adopt a similar tertiary arrangement of packed [alpha]-helices and [beta]-strands.... Generally, it is an open question whether the similarity of tertiary structures arises by convergent evolution to a structural and/or functional favourable conformation or by divergence during which sequence homologies have been lost.... Combined with the search for key amino acid residues, it is likely that structural similarity will be recognized by comparing profiles of secondary structure predictions and by using empirical rules governing the packing of [alpha]-helices and [beta]-strands.  1, record 13, English, - beta%2Dstrand

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le terme de structure secondaire des protéines a trait aux configurations régulières adoptées par le squelette polypeptidique. Une classe d'arrangements réguliers est caractérisée par la présence de liaisons hydrogène entre des groupes appartenant à des chaînes poly-peptidiques différentes. Ces configurations sont désignées sous le terme générique de structures [bêta]; elles s'établissent lorsque des chaînes polypeptidiques complètement étirées forment des structures en forme de feuillets maintenues par des liaisons hydrogène (...) Les structures [bêta] sont favorisées par la présence d'un grand nombre de résidus alanine ou glycine. Dans la nature, on les trouve surtout dans les protéines de la soie.  3, record 13, French, - structure%20b%C3%AAta

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish