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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Creating transgenic animals with a [bacterial artificial chromosome] construct can help protect the transgene of interest from endogenous promoters and other regulatory elements...  1, record 1, English, - endogenous%20promoter

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La création d'animaux transgéniques avec une construction de [chromosomes artificiels bactériens] peut protéger le transgène d'intérêt des promoteurs endogènes et autres éléments de régulation.  1, record 1, French, - promoteur%20endog%C3%A8ne

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lentiviral delivery systems have been used successfully to generate transgenic mice, rats, pigs, and cattle. Independent of the method of transgene delivery, the insertion site can have profound effects on transgene expression.  2, record 2, English, - transgene%20expression

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In order to analyze the transgene integrated, the isolated gene samples, which are detected with transgene integration, undergo restriction digestion with known restriction endonucleases.  2, record 3, English, - transgene%20integration

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Silent genes and everlasting fruits and vegetables?... An intriguing feature of gene silencing is that partial or almost complete gene inactivation can be obtained, depending on the position(and perhaps the structure and copy number) of the transgene. For both sense and antisense gene silencing, transformants can be selected where genetic change is stably inherited.  1, record 4, English, - gene%20silencing

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

silençage : Région de l'ADN qui diminue la transcription d'un gène voisin de cette région.  2, record 4, French, - silen%C3%A7age%20de%20l%27expression%20g%C3%A9nique

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

silenceur : La méthylation de l'ADN et le développement des végétaux, paramutations et interactions alléliques, les mécanismes de silençage de l'expression génétique.  1, record 4, French, - silen%C3%A7age%20de%20l%27expression%20g%C3%A9nique

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Pérdida de expresión génica por una alteración en la secuencia de ADN de un gen estructural o de su región reguladora o bien por las interacciones entre su transcrito y otros ARNm [ácido ribonucleico mensajero] que se encuentran en la célula.  3, record 4, Spanish, - silenciamiento%20g%C3%A9nico

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Silenciamiento génico. Gen que no se expresa debido a la regulación epigenética. A diferencia de los genes que son mutantes debido a alteraciones en su secuencia de DNA, los genes inactivados mediante silenciamiento pueden volver a ser activados.  1, record 4, Spanish, - silenciamiento%20g%C3%A9nico

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Since transgenic mice are being used to analyse somatic and germinal mutation rates in vivo, it is of interest to know to what extent these mice are normal or abnormal in any way. During experiments designed to compare the mutational response of the trasgene and an endogenous gene, Big Blue mice hemizygous for the transgene were bred to create a hybrid mouse in which the comparisons could be made. The fraction of these mice that inherited the transgene was 37% rather than the Mendelian expectation of 50%.  1, record 5, English, - germinal%20mutation

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Typiquement les gènes BRCA2, BRCA2, 53 ou MMR (mismatch repair) sont de type caretaker, leur altération conduisant à une instabilité génétique. Nous nous trouvons alors devant un paradoxe apparent, où les gènes de PHC n'induisent pas directement l'imitation tumorale. En revanche, ils créent une instabilité génétique avec hypermutation somatique dans les cellules, touchant plusieurs gènes dont des gatekeepers qui initieront alors le processus tumoral (mutation du deuxième allèle du caretaker, et mutation des deux allèles du gatekeeper).  2, record 5, French, - mutation%20germinale

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A gene from one genome that has been incorporated into the genome of another organism.  2, record 6, English, - transgene

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Extinction of transgene expression is irreversible, and occurs both in the germline, and in the soma...  3, record 6, English, - transgene

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Often refers to a gene that has been introduced into a multicellular organism.  2, record 6, English, - transgene

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Gène inséré dans le génome d'un organisme autre que celui dont il provient.  2, record 6, French, - transg%C3%A8ne

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les conséquences de l'empreinte génomique parentale peuvent aussi être appréciées au niveau de l'expression de transgènes, variables selon qu'ils sont transmis par les gamètes mâles ou femelles, et du phénotype de disomies uniparentales ou de mutations, là encore parfois différentes en fonction du parent dont elles proviennent.  3, record 6, French, - transg%C3%A8ne

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

L'organisme en question est généralement multicellulaire.  2, record 6, French, - transg%C3%A8ne

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Using this knowledge, an emerging use of PTGS and, in particular, RNA interference (RNAi), the initiating of PTGS by introducing small (21-25 nucleotides) double-stranded RNA (siRNA), as a tool to knock out the expression of specific genes in a variety of organisms can be observed.  3, record 7, English, - post%2Dtranscriptional%20gene%20silencing

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Epigenic silencing of transgene and endogenous genes can occur at the transcriptional level(TGS) or at the post-transcriptional level(PTGS).  4, record 7, English, - post%2Dtranscriptional%20gene%20silencing

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 OBS

post-transcriptional silencing: Elliptical form of "post-transcriptional gene silencing." As the term "silencing" can only apply in this context to genes, the term "gene" can be removed.  5, record 7, English, - post%2Dtranscriptional%20gene%20silencing

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Phénomène ou mécanisme cytoplasmique de mise en sommeil des gènes qui peut être d'origine naturelle ou provoqué in vitro et qui induit une destruction sélective de l'ARNm [ARN messager] pour lequel correspondent au moins une centaine de nucléotides.  6, record 7, French, - extinction%20g%C3%A9nique%20post%2Dtranscriptionnelle

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

PTGS : Bien qu'issue de l'expression anglaise «Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing», cette abréviation est utilisée dans les textes français.  6, record 7, French, - extinction%20g%C3%A9nique%20post%2Dtranscriptionnelle

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Degradación citoplasmática del ARNm [ácido ribonucleico mensajero] de un gen específico debido a la presencia de ARNbc [ácido ribonucleico bicatenario] complementarios a él.  1, record 7, Spanish, - silenciamiento%20g%C3%A9nico%20postranscripcional

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Genetic vectors targeted to a particular cell type do not spread to neighboring cells, yet their synthesized transgene product(e. g., a toxin) may diffuse and also kill the surrounding cells. The bystander effect is a complex result of intercellular communication through gap junctions, apoptotic cell death, release of cytokines, blocking of angiogenesis, etc.  2, record 8, English, - bystander%20effect

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Effet intercellulaire de voisinage.  1, record 8, French, - effet%20de%20proximit%C3%A9

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

effet de proximité : terme et définition publiés au Journal officiel de la République française le 6 septembre 2008.  3, record 8, French, - effet%20de%20proximit%C3%A9

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Treated with these two genomes, the packaging cell produces a crop of retroviruses with: the envelope protein needed to infect the human target cells; an RNA copy of the human ADA [adenosine deaminase] gene, complete with R sequences at each end; reverse transcriptase, needed to make a DNA copy of the ADA gene that can be inserted into the DNA of the target cell and none of the genes (gag, pol, env) that would enable the virus to replicate in its new host.  3, record 9, English, - packaging%20cell

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 CONT

To create the retroviral vectors that are used in gene therapy, the life-cycles of their naturally occurring counterparts are exploited. The transgene(in this case, the gene for factor IX) in a vector backbone is put into a packaging cell, which expresses the genes that are required for viral integration.  4, record 9, English, - packaging%20cell

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les différents modes de transfert sont : [...] Injection de cellules produisant le vecteur viral pour éviter son inactivation trop rapide par le complément. Ces cellules sont appelés cellules transcomplémentantes (ou cellules d'encapsidation).  3, record 9, French, - cellule%20d%27encapsidation

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Il s'agit d'un type de cellules utilisées pour produire des virus non pathogènes en supprimant les gènes nécessaires à leur réplication et en les remplaçant par une séquence choisie et des éléments régulateurs.  4, record 9, French, - cellule%20d%27encapsidation

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A number of studies performed in the last ten or so years have found that commercial plants exchange genetic material with wild relatives in their vicinity with considerable regularity. But now one of the first studies of what actually happens to a transgene when it moves from a genetically modified cultivar into a wild population indicates that such transfers need not have a major environmental impact.  3, record 10, English, - genetically%20modified%20cultivar

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Release of a genetically modified cultivar in regions which that cultivar has many wild relatives could see hybridisation between the cultivar and wild relatives.  4, record 10, English, - genetically%20modified%20cultivar

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

genetically modified cultivar; GMC: term and abbreviation extracted from the Glossaire de l’agriculture anglais/français and reproduced with the authorization of the OECD.  5, record 10, English, - genetically%20modified%20cultivar

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Depuis 1961, les obtentions végétales (les variétés végétales nouvelles, c'est-à-dire tout cultivar, génétiquement modifié ou non) sont reconnues par l'Union pour la protection des obtentions végétales (UPOV).  2, record 10, French, - cultivar%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tiquement%20modifi%C3%A9

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 OBS

cultivar génétiquement modifié : terme extrait du Glossaire de l'agriculture anglais/français et reproduit avec l'autorisation de l'OCDE.  3, record 10, French, - cultivar%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tiquement%20modifi%C3%A9

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The utility of tyrosinase minigene co-injection was evaluated as a visual marker for the generation and breeding of transgenic mice. In an evaluation of 39 transgenic founder animals and 44 transgenic lines five phenotypic patterns of pigmentation were consistently observed, including albino, dark, light, mottled and himalayan. In these studies co-injection of the tyrosinase minigene along with the transgene of interest(TOI) resulted in genomic integration of the two transgenes in 95% of the F0 generation.  2, record 11, English, - minigene

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Gène reconstruit à des fins expérimentales à partir de ses séquences régulatrices et de l'ADNc double brin de l'ARNm correspondant.  1, record 11, French, - minig%C3%A8ne

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Un minigène code donc directement pour la forme mature de l'ARNm.  1, record 11, French, - minig%C3%A8ne

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

These results suggest that sequence elements that may restrict VIP transcription or cause tissue-specific VIP mRNA accumulation are missing from the transgene. In the testis there is a high level of transgene message but not significant beta-galactosidase activity; this discripency is caused by transcription from a cryptic promoter within the beta-galactosidase sequence.  1, record 12, English, - cryptic%20promoter

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Excerpt taken from BIOSIS data base.  2, record 12, English, - cryptic%20promoter

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Lors de la transcription, il existe parfois deux séquences d'ADN reliées l'une à l'autre, une qui est normale et l'autre dite «cryptique». Quand les deux sont présentes, il n'y a que la normale qui s'exprime. Cependant, quand les deux sont présentes et que la normale est inactive, c'est la séquence cryptique qui s'exprime.  1, record 12, French, - promoteur%20cryptique

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Renseignement fourni par une généticienne des plantes, au Centre de biotechnologie alimentaire de Saint-Hyacinthe.  1, record 12, French, - promoteur%20cryptique

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Silent genes and everlasting fruits and vegetables?... An intriguing feature of gene silencing is that partial or almost complete gene inactivation can be obtained, depending on the position(and perhaps the structure and copy number) of the transgene. For both sense and antisense gene silencing, transformants can be selected where genetic change is stably inherited.  1, record 13, English, - silent%20gene

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish