TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A bottom-up parser is data directed: it starts with the input words and combines them into higher level phrases and sentences.  2, record 1, English, - bottom%2Dup%20parser

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Méthode de programmation par étapes, où l'écriture du programme constitue le point de départ, et la formulation du problème, le point d'arrivée.  1, record 2, French, - programmation%20ascendante

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A strategy for parsing sentences of a context-free grammar that attempts to construct a parse tree beginning at the leaf nodes and working bottom-up toward the root.  3, record 3, English, - bottom%2Dup%20parsing

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Analyse des phrases d'une grammaire indépendante du contexte qui tente de construire un arbre d'analyse en commençant par les feuilles et en progressant de bas en haut vers la racine.  2, record 3, French, - analyse%20syntaxique%20ascendante

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Stratégie qui consiste à partir de la chaîne (ou du treillis) de phonèmes, à reconstituer peu à peu une phrase en prenant en compte les informations lexicales, puis syntaxiques.  3, record 4, French, - strat%C3%A9gie%20ascendante

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Bottom-up testing is an approach where the lowest level module in the hierarchy is tested first, followed by each successively [higher] level.  2, record 5, English, - bottom%2Dup%20testing

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les tests ascendants [s'appuient] sur des modules existants pour remonter la chaîne fonctionnelle. Cette technique est naturellement employée par les développeurs en phase de tests unitaires ou dans les premières étapes de l'intégration.  1, record 5, French, - test%20ascendant

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A new approach to aquatic ecosystem analysis is suggested in which [the] top-down reductionist approach is replaced by a bottom-up approach using autonomous agents (programs to represent individual animals). This approach is exemplified by ... an artificial life system designed ... for modeling population behavior and evolution.  1, record 6, English, - bottom%2Dup%20modelling%20approach

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[The] "bottom-up" approach to the generation of complex behavior is more powerful and simple than that generated by conventional system models, which are constructed in top-down fashion. The behavior of the fish school as a whole does not depend on the internal details of the entities from which it is constructed. It depends only on the details of the way in which these entities behave in each other's presence. ... it is possible to capture within an aggregate of artificial entities a very lifelike behavior.  1, record 6, English, - bottom%2Dup%20modelling%20approach

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The aggregative algorithm is usually implemented from bottom to top. Such algorithm first considers each node as a community and calculates the similarity between every pair of community, and then merges two communities with the largest similarity.  2, record 7, English, - bottom%2Dup%20algorithm

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Bottom-up algorithms treat each data point as a single cluster at the outset and then successively merge (or agglomerate) pairs of clusters until all clusters have been merged into a single cluster that contains all data points.  3, record 7, English, - bottom%2Dup%20algorithm

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On distingue deux types de méthodes [de classification hiérarchique], les méthodes ascendantes (algorithmes agglomératifs) et les méthodes descendantes (algorithmes divisifs).  2, record 7, French, - algorithme%20ascendant

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Los algoritmos de clasificación jerárquicos pueden ser de 2 tipos: aglomerativos o ascendentes y divisivos o descendentes. Los algoritmos aglomerativos, mediante la utilización de algún criterio, van agrupando unidades de análisis en cada paso hasta llegar a un conglomerado que engloba a la totalidad.  1, record 7, Spanish, - algoritmo%20ascendente

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Pertaining to a method or procedure that starts at the lowest level of abstraction and proceeds towards the highest level.  2, record 8, English, - bottom%2Dup

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

bottom-up: term and definition standardized by ISO and the International Electrotechnical Commission; term and definition standardized by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) and reproduced with its permission.  3, record 8, English, - bottom%2Dup

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Qualifie une méthode ou procédure allant du niveau d'abstraction le moins élevé vers le niveau le plus élevé.  2, record 8, French, - ascendant

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

ascendant; de bas en haut : termes et définition normalisés par l'ISO et la Commission électrotechnique internationale.  3, record 8, French, - ascendant

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 2 OBS

ascendant : terme et définition normalisés par l'Association canadienne de normalisation (CSA) et reproduits avec son autorisation.  3, record 8, French, - ascendant

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Relativo a un método o procedimiento que empieza en el nivel más bajo de abstracción y procede hacia el nivel más alto.  1, record 8, Spanish, - abajo%2Darriba

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

bottom-up approach: term standardized by Environment Canada and the Translation Bureau for use in the Black Carbon Inventory.  2, record 9, English, - bottom%2Dup%20approach

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

approche ascendante : terme normalisé par Environnement Canada et le Bureau de la traduction dans le cadre de l’inventaire de carbone noir.  2, record 9, French, - approche%20ascendante

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The fabrication of nanoparticles and nanostructures starting from the bottom (the atoms), and building them atom-by-atom through spontaneous assembly.  1, record 10, English, - bottom%2Dup%20approach

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Élaboration de nanoparticules et nanostructures à partir des éléments de base de la matière (atomes), et conception atome par atome grâce à un assemblage spontané.  4, record 10, French, - approche%20du%20bas%20vers%20le%20haut

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

For the information architect and in content management, "bottom up" refers to collecting all the content with a content audit or content inventory, then making room for everything in an ad hoc manner, depending on the content tools being used, such as website navigation, search engines, etc. The opposite, top-down design, looks at the big picture first to arrange content in its natural context.  2, record 11, English, - bottom%2Dup%20approach

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

With the proliferation of publicly reported data, Tier 3 methods for the Public Electricity and Heat Production category are being investigated with the eventual goal of developing a bottom-up inventory.  1, record 14, English, - bottom%2Dup%20inventory

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un nombre sans cesse croissant de données étant déclarées dans des rapports publics, on procède actuellement à un examen des méthodes de niveau 3 pour la catégorie Production de chaleur et d’électricité du secteur public dans le but d’élaborer un inventaire ascendant.  1, record 14, French, - inventaire%20ascendant

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The design of a system starting with the most basic of primitive components and proceeding to higher level components that use the lower level ones.  2, record 15, English, - bottom%2Dup%20design

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

bottom-up design: term standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).  3, record 15, English, - bottom%2Dup%20design

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Conception d'un système commençant par les éléments les plus fondamentaux ou primitifs et allant vers les éléments de niveaux plus élevés qui utilisent ceux des niveaux inférieurs.  2, record 15, French, - conception%20de%20bas%20en%20haut

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Antonyme de conception descendante.  2, record 15, French, - conception%20de%20bas%20en%20haut

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An investment strategy that first seeks individual companies with attractive investment potential, then proceeds to consider the larger economic and industry trends affecting those companies.  3, record 16, English, - bottom%2Dup%20approach

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A person following [the bottom-up approach] will be looking very closely at the company's management, history, business model, growth prospects and other company characteristics: he or she will not be considering general industry and economic trends and then extrapolating them to the specific company.  4, record 16, English, - bottom%2Dup%20approach

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Approche utilisée par les analystes financiers, qui consiste à étudier une valeur déterminée en analysant les résultats d'une entreprise, ses investissements, sa stratégie et son environnement concurrentiel avant de formuler un avis.  2, record 16, French, - approche%20ascendante

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'approche dite ascendante ou bottom-up, de bas en haut, consiste moins à faire le chemin inverse qu'à sélectionner des titres sans attacher une grande importance à l'examen d'un secteur industriel ou à l'étude de la conjoncture économique d'ensemble d'une société.  3, record 16, French, - approche%20ascendante

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

De este enfoque se dice que mediante su utilización no se analizan empresas, sino valores. Se analizan oportunidades de inversión, independientemente de las perspectivas de las economías [sean internacionales o domésticas] o de los sectores en su conjunto.  2, record 16, Spanish, - enfoque%20de%20abajo%20hacia%20arriba

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The two current approaches to high-resolution physical mapping are termed top-down (producing a macrorestriction map) and bottom-up (resulting in a contig map).  1, record 17, English, - bottom%2Dup%20mapping

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Contig maps: Bottom-up mapping. The bottom-up approach involves cutting the chromosome into small pieces, each of which is cloned and ordered. The ordered fragments form contiguous DNA blocks (contigs). Currently, the resulting library of clones varies in size from 10,000 bp to 1 Mb. An advantage of this approach is the accessibility of these stable clones to other reseachers. Contig construction can be verified by FISH, which localizes cosmids to specific regions within chromosomal bands.  1, record 17, English, - bottom%2Dup%20mapping

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[...] dans la stratégie dite de «bas en haut» (bottom-up), les YAC permettent de marcher rapidement sur le chromosome à partir d'un point de repère donné, et d'élargir la cartographie du territoire génomique considéré, en ordonnant et en analysant les YAC contigs.  2, record 17, French, - cartographie%20de%20bas%20en%20haut

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An approach to strategic planning that gives responsibility for formulating strategic plans to individuals at the "bottom" of the organizational hierarchy.  1, record 18, English, - bottom%2Dup%20planning

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Le processus de formulation de la stratégie où il n'y a pas de lignes directrices ou de prémisses et où les décisionnaires préparent leurs plans.  1, record 18, French, - planification%20ascendante

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Se dit d'une démarche qui se fonde sur des données, des observations ou des résultats concrets pour aboutir à une explication ou à une modélisation conceptuelle.  1, record 19, French, - ascendant

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

ascendant; bas en haut; inductif : termes et définition publiés au Journal officiel de la République française le 7 décembre 2008.  2, record 19, French, - ascendant

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A problem-solving approach that employs forward reasoning from current or initial conditions.  1, record 20, English, - bottom%2Dup%20control%20structure

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

approach, process  1, record 21, English, - bottom%2Dup

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

approche, processus  1, record 21, French, - ascendant

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

There are many approaches for developing a knowledge management strategy, each supported by a holistic model of KM [knowledge management] processes. Bottom-up [knowledge management strategy]: research is conducted into the activities of staff involved in key business processes. The findings of this research highlights key staff needs and issues, which are then tackled through a range of knowledge management initiatives.  2, record 22, English, - bottom%2Dup%20strategy

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This study does not seek to explain findings, but notes the literature focuses on top-down reform and not bottom-up change.  1, record 23, English, - bottom%2Dup%20change

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Si la présente étude ne vise pas à expliquer les conclusions tirées dans la documentation consultée, elle permet de noter que celle-ci met l'accent sur les réformes imposées par la direction et non sur les changements émergeant de la base.  1, record 23, French, - changement%20%C3%A9mergeant%20de%20la%20base

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Source(s) : Vocabulaire établi par les traducteurs du groupe Informatique affectés à la traduction du Guide de l'utilisateur, du Guide du gestionnaire et des documents de formation du SFMC [Système financier ministériel commun].  1, record 25, French, - code%20d%27ascendance

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Source(s) : Vocabulaire établi par les traducteurs du groupe Informatique affectés à la traduction du Guide de l'utilisateur, du Guide du gestionnaire et des documents de formation du SFMC [Système financier ministériel commun].  1, record 26, French, - sauvegarde%20ascendante

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Employing the Internet to compile or create a dictionary.  1, record 29, English, - cyberlexicography

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Bottom-up Lexicography. Bottom-up editing may prove to be the most significant transformation of cyberlexicography. Before the Internet, dictionaries were typically created "top-down" from editors, through publishers, to readers - but new types of references are evolving upward from readers directly onto the Net.  1, record 29, English, - cyberlexicography

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dans sa remise à plat stratégique (bottom-up review), le ministère de la Défense conclut en effet que [...]  1, record 30, French, - remise%20%C3%A0%20plat%20strat%C3%A9gique

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Article cité : «Nouvelle stratégie militaire des États-Unis».  2, record 30, French, - remise%20%C3%A0%20plat%20strat%C3%A9gique

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A reductive method of syntactic analysis which attempts to reduce a string to a root symbol.  1, record 31, English, - bottom%2Dup%20analysis

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

bottom-up: pertaining to a method or procedure that starts at the lowest level of abstraction and proceeds toward the highest level. Contrast with topdown.  2, record 31, English, - bottom%2Dup%20analysis

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Thème de la réunion de planification stratégique de 1995.  1, record 32, French, - La%20planification%20strat%C3%A9gique%20ascendante%20dans%20les%20ann%C3%A9es%2090

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Employing forward-chaining of rules to search for the goal (event-driven or data-driven control structure).  2, record 34, English, - bottom%2Dup%20approach

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... a bottom-up approach in which the task in the appropriate level of abstraction is derived from the most specific tasks in the domain.  3, record 34, English, - bottom%2Dup%20approach

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The project has taken a bottom-up approach in that a specific topic has been identified for demonstration of feasibility and the solution to this specific problem will subsequently be generalized to a wider set of application domains.  4, record 34, English, - bottom%2Dup%20approach

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 OBS

As opposed to "top-down approach."  5, record 34, English, - bottom%2Dup%20approach

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Source : brochure «Service et Innovations» du Centre canadien de gestion, juin 1993.  1, record 35, French, - r%C3%A9organisation%20de%20la%20base%20vers%20le%20haut

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Source : brochure «Service et Innovations» du Centre canadien de gestion, juin 1993.  1, record 36, French, - leadership%20venant%20du%20sommet%20accompagn%C3%A9%20d%27interventions%20des%20employ%C3%A9s

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 37,  Textual support,  French

Record 37,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 38,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Almost without exception, the Japanese managers we interviewed had endeavored to apply the "bottom-up" style of management in the United States.  1, record 38, English, - bottom%2Dup%20management

Record 38,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Méthode de gestion faisant appel à la participation de base.  1, record 38, French, - gestion%20d%C3%A9mocratique

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A de très rares exceptions près, tous les dirigeants japonais interrogés ont déclaré avoir essayé d'appliquer aux États-Unis le système de la pyramide inversée.  2, record 38, French, - gestion%20d%C3%A9mocratique

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Il ne faut pas confondre gestion démocratique et gestion participative, forme de gestion collégiale.  1, record 38, French, - gestion%20d%C3%A9mocratique

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Gestion démocratique : Terme entériné par le Comité de linguistique de Radio-Canada et le Secrétariat d'État du Canada.  3, record 38, French, - gestion%20d%C3%A9mocratique

Record 38,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 39,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Search for outstanding performance of individual stocks before considering the impact of economic trends. The companies may be identified from research reports stock screens or personal knowledge of the products and services. This approach assumes that individual companies can do well, even in an industry that is not performing well.  1, record 39, English, - bottom%2Dup%20approach%20to%20investing

Record 39,  Textual support,  French

Record 39,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 40,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Inference, data-directed. Inference that are driven by events rather than goals.  1, record 40, English, - data%2Ddirected%20inference

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 OBS

See forward chaining and data-driven discovery.  3, record 40, English, - data%2Ddirected%20inference

Record 40,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Inférence qui part des faits ou données établis, et regarde s'ils satisfont la partie gauche (prémisse) des règles.  1, record 40, French, - inf%C3%A9rence%20guid%C3%A9e%20par%20les%20donn%C3%A9es

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir aussi "chaînage avant".  3, record 40, French, - inf%C3%A9rence%20guid%C3%A9e%20par%20les%20donn%C3%A9es

Record 40,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 41,  Textual support,  French

Record 41,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 42,  Textual support,  French

Record 42,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 43,  Textual support,  French

Record 43,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 44,  Textual support,  French

Record 44,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 45,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Bottom-up cycles may also cause problems during parsing.  1, record 45, English, - bottom%2Dup%20cycle

Record 45,  Textual support,  French

Record 45,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 46,  Textual support,  French

Record 46,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 47,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Procedure which corresponds to proof procedures which work forward from the initial set of assumptions, by using implications to derive conclusions from assumptions.  1, record 47, English, - bottom%2Dup%20parsing%20procedure

Record 47,  Textual support,  French

Record 47,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 48,  Textual support,  French

Record 48,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 49,  Textual support,  French

Record 49,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 50,  Textual support,  French

Record 50,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 51,  Textual support,  French

Record 51,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 52,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An important question is whether perception is a bottom-up process that first matches smaller units and combines them into larger ones.  2, record 52, English, - bottom%2Dup%20process

Record 52,  Textual support,  French

Record 52,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 53,  Textual support,  French

Record 53,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 54,  Textual support,  French

Record 54,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 55,  Textual support,  French

Record 55,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 56,  Textual support,  French

Record 56,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 57,  Textual support,  French

Record 57,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 58,  Textual support,  French

Record 58,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 59,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 59, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In a bottom-up approach ... The actual of a focal task or situation are assumed to exert primary influence on a subject's performance. I shall often identify molar with "top-down" and molecular with "bottom-up" not because each is logically bound to the other, but because they often, and typically, occur together.  1, record 59, English, - bottom%2Dup%20approach

Record 59,  Textual support,  French

Record 59,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 60,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 60, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Reasoning from assumptions to conclusions.  2, record 60, English, - bottom%2Dup%20reasoning

Record 60,  Textual support,  French

Record 60,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 61,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 61, Textual support number: 1 OBS

See "bottom-up inference, reasoning".  1, record 61, English, - bottom%2Dup%20interpreter

Record number: 61, Textual support number: 2 OBS

data-driven discovery  2, record 61, English, - bottom%2Dup%20interpreter

Record number: 61, Textual support number: 3 OBS

data-directed inference: inferences that are driven by events, rather than goals. See forward chaining.  3, record 61, English, - bottom%2Dup%20interpreter

Record 61,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 61, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Une première façon de caractériser un moteur (interpréteur) provient de la manière dont il essaie d'appliquer les règles en fonction des faits qu'il examine. S'il considère des DONNÉES ou FAITS déjà établis et qu'il regarde s'ils satisfont la partie gauche des règles (la partie prémisse), on dit qu'il fonctionne vers l'avant ou qu'il est guidé par les données. S'il considère les BUTS possibles à atteindre en examinant les parties de droite des règles (la partie action) et qu'il essaie de vérifier les règles concluant vers ces buts (et uniquement celles-là), on dit qu'il fonctionne vers l'arrière. Cette distinction est strictement équivalente à celle des interpréteurs de grammaire qui sont soit ASCENDANTS (équivalents de VERS L'AVANT) car on part des données, soit DESCENDANTS (équivalents de VERS L'ARRIÈRE) car on part des buts possibles.  1, record 61, French, - interpr%C3%A9teur%20guid%C3%A9%20par%20les%20donn%C3%A9es

Record 61,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 62,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 62, Textual support number: 1 OBS

As opposed to global recognition. See "speech understanding".  1, record 62, English, - analytical%20recognition

Record 62,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 62, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Procédure qui permet en premier lieu la reconnaissance des sons élémentaires qui composent la langue (phonèmes), et en second lieu l'exploitation d'informations de niveau supérieur (le lexique des mots possibles, les structures des phrases énonçables).  1, record 62, French, - reconnaissance%20analytique

Record 62,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 63,  Textual support,  English

Record 63,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 63, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Lexique de la Commission de la Fonction publique.  2, record 63, French, - pr%C3%A9sentation%20selon%20l%27ordre%20chronologique

Record 63,  Textual support,  Spanish