TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The learning theory of Thorndike represents the original S-R framework of behavioral psychology: Learning is the result of associations forming between stimuli and responses. Such associations or "habits" become strengthened or weakened by the nature and frequency of the S-R pairings. The paradigm for S-R theory was trial and error learning in which certain responses come to dominate others due to rewards.  3, record 1, English, - trial%20and%20error%20learning

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Trial and error learning. Students now are rewarded almost exclusively for getting the right answer on a test. A system more in tune with leadership in today's world would involve students more often in trial and error projects, in which one learns from what goes wrong as well as what goes right.  4, record 1, English, - trial%20and%20error%20learning

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Apprentissage par tâtonnement.  1, record 1, French, - apprentissage%20par%20essais%20et%20erreurs

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'expression «trial and error» fut utilisée primitivement par le philosophe écossais Alexander Bain (1818-1903) pour désigner la méthode d'apprentissage fondée sur l'association : les essais infructueux s'éliminent alors que les essais couronnés de succès se combinent entre eux, se renforcent mutuellement, favorisant ainsi l'apparition d'un nouveau comportement. En d'autres termes, nous dirions avec Alain qu'il faut «chercher et barboter pour raisonner vraiment, car la vraie pensée ne naît jamais que d'erreurs surmontées». (Propos sur l'éducation.)  1, record 1, French, - apprentissage%20par%20essais%20et%20erreurs

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Forma de descubrir la mejor manera de alcanzar el resultado deseado o unas soluciones correctas, probando uno o más modos o medios, observando y eliminando los errores o causas de fracaso.  1, record 1, Spanish, - aprendizaje%20por%20ensayo%20y%20error

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... an instructional approach that emphasizes the importance of learning in the context of actual problems ...  1, record 2, English, - apprenticeship%20learning

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Learning by doing works because it strikes at the heart of the basic memory processes that humans rely upon... We learn all this by doing, by constantly having new experiences and attempting to integrate those experiences into our existing memory structure. This process by which people fail and practice and fail and practice until they get it right works especially well when: 1) A system or process is new, and there's no available expertise with which to structure training. 2) There's time for people to learn on their own, and they can fail without any significant, negative consequences for the organization, and 3) A defacto apprenticeship process is in place to help people gain the job skills needed over time.  6, record 2, English, - apprenticeship%20learning

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 CONT

In the last five years researchers have focussed on supportive learning environments intended to facilitate learning-by-doing: transforming factual knowledge into experiential knowledge.  3, record 2, English, - apprenticeship%20learning

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Apprentissage] par la pratique professionnelle (et non pas à l'école).  3, record 2, French, - apprentissage%20sur%20le%20tas

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Forma de descubrir la mejor manera de alcanzar el resultado deseado o unas soluciones correctas, probando uno o más modos o medios, observando y eliminando los errores o causas de fracaso.  2, record 2, Spanish, - aprendizaje%20sobre%20la%20marcha

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Learning by experimentation includes learning by doing and learning by problem solving.  5, record 3, English, - learning%20by%20doing

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Techniques for learning while doing include schemes for nothing loops and unnecessarily longpaths, descends, and failure to progress toward the goal. See "learning from solution paths" and "learning by experimentation".  3, record 3, English, - learning%20by%20doing

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Contrast "learning from mistakes".  4, record 3, English, - learning%20by%20doing

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Une forme d'apprentissage incrémental en situation de résolution de problèmes.  5, record 3, French, - apprentissage%20par%20la%20pratique

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'apprentissage par l'action est caractérisé par le fait que le sujet acquiert des connaissances dans une situation où il doit : 1) soit résoudre une suite de problèmes appartenant à un même domaine; 2) soit effectuer une suite d'essais pour trouver une solution optimale à un problème donné.  6, record 3, French, - apprentissage%20par%20la%20pratique

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Forma [de aprendizaje basado en] descubrir la mejor manera de alcanzar el resultado deseado o unas soluciones correctas, probando uno o más modos o medios, observando y eliminando los errores o causas de fracaso.  1, record 3, Spanish, - aprendizaje%20por%20ensayo%20y%20error