TERMIUM Plus®
The Government of Canada’s terminology and linguistic data bank.
SOLIDE SIMPLE [12 records]
Record 1 - internal organization data 2022-08-31
Record 1, English
Record 1, Subject field(s)
- Wind Instruments
Record 1, Main entry term, English
- beating reed
1, record 1, English, beating%20reed
correct
Record 1, Abbreviations, English
Record 1, Synonyms, English
Record 1, Textual support, English
Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF
A reed in a musical instrument that vibrates against the edges of an air opening ... to which it is attached. 2, record 1, English, - beating%20reed
Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Reeds are usually divided into two kinds, the beating, and the free reed. ... Both forms possess the elastic tongue; but the beating reed differs from the free reed in that the tongue is made to cover the orifice through which the air passes and slightly to overlap its edges; whereas in the latter it passes freely, as the name implies, though with but little room to spare, past the edges of the slit in which it is adapted. ... The beating reed is farther subdivided into single and double varieties, the former represented by the clarinet, and by the usual organ reeds; the latter appearing in the oboe and bassoon. 3, record 1, English, - beating%20reed
Record 1, French
Record 1, Domaine(s)
- Instruments de musique à vent
Record 1, Main entry term, French
- anche battante
1, record 1, French, anche%20battante
correct, feminine noun
Record 1, Abbreviations, French
Record 1, Synonyms, French
Record 1, Textual support, French
Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF
Anche simple(clarinette) ou double(hautbois) dont l'extrémité heurte un corps solide. 1, record 1, French, - anche%20battante
Record 1, Spanish
Record 1, Textual support, Spanish
Record 2 - internal organization data 2017-11-29
Record 2, English
Record 2, Subject field(s)
- Ropemaking
- Outfitting of Ships
Record 2, Main entry term, English
- butterfly bow knot 1, record 2, English, butterfly%20bow%20knot
Record 2, Abbreviations, English
Record 2, Synonyms, English
Record 2, Textual support, English
Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT
A butterfly bow knot is a bow made up or tied with the loop and end on each side spread apart like the expanded wings of a butterfly. 2, record 2, English, - butterfly%20bow%20knot
Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS
A double loop is first made in the middle of a rope. A turn is next taken with each end around the middle of the bow. The ends are then crossed and brought up and through the bights in opposite directions. 3, record 2, English, - butterfly%20bow%20knot
Record 2, French
Record 2, Domaine(s)
- Corderie
- Armement et gréement
Record 2, Main entry term, French
- nœud papillon
1, record 2, French, n%26oelig%3Bud%20papillon
masculine noun
Record 2, Abbreviations, French
Record 2, Synonyms, French
Record 2, Textual support, French
Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT
[...] elle attacha les deux petits bouts en un noeud simple et solide qui s’épanouit sous une pichenette de ses doigts en deux ailes de papillon. 1, record 2, French, - n%26oelig%3Bud%20papillon
Record 2, Spanish
Record 2, Textual support, Spanish
Record 3 - external organization data 2011-01-19
Record 3, English
Record 3, Subject field(s)
- Chemistry
- Geochemistry
- Compartment - Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission
Universal entry(ies) Record 3
Record 3, Main entry term, English
- sulfur
1, record 3, English, sulfur
correct
Record 3, Abbreviations, English
Record 3, Synonyms, English
- sulphur 2, record 3, English, sulphur
correct, see observation
- brimstone 3, record 3, English, brimstone
see observation, obsolete
Record 3, Textual support, English
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF
An orthorhombic mineral, the native nonmetallic element S. 4, record 3, English, - sulfur
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS
[Sulfur] occurs in yellow crystals at hot springs and fumaroles, and in masses or layers associated with limestone, gypsum, and anhydrite, especially in salt-dome caprock and bedded deposits. 4, record 3, English, - sulfur
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 OBS
sulphur: term adopted by Environment Canada; used in the list of pollutants measured in the National Air Pollution Surveillance Network (NAPS); however, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) recommends "sulfur" rather than "sulphur." 5, record 3, English, - sulfur
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 3 OBS
brimstone: Formerly the common vernacular name for sulphur. Now used chiefly when referring to its inflammable character, and to the biblical use in Gen. xix. 24 and Rev. xix. 20; or in speaking of old-fashioned prescriptions, as 'brimstone and treacle.' 6, record 3, English, - sulfur
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 4 OBS
Also known under a large number of commercial designations, among which: Bensulfoid; Collokit; Colsul; Corosul D and S; Cosan; Crystex; Elosa; Hexasul; Kocide; Kolofog; Kolospray; Kumulus; Microflotox; Sofril; Sperloc-S; Spersul; Sulfidal; Sulforon; Sulkol; Super Cosan; Sulsol; Tesuloid; Thiolux; Thiovit; UN 1350; UN 2448. 5, record 3, English, - sulfur
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 PHR
Colloidal, flour, ground vocle, molten, precipitated, solid, sublimed sulfur. 5, record 3, English, - sulfur
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 PHR
Flowers of sulfur. 5, record 3, English, - sulfur
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 3 PHR
Sulfur flower, lump, powder. 5, record 3, English, - sulfur
Record 3, French
Record 3, Domaine(s)
- Chimie
- Géochimie
- Tiroir - Commission canadienne de sûreté nucléaire
Entrée(s) universelle(s) Record 3
Record 3, Main entry term, French
- soufre
1, record 3, French, soufre
correct, masculine noun
Record 3, Abbreviations, French
Record 3, Synonyms, French
Record 3, Textual support, French
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF
Corps simple solide, non métallique, d’une couleur jaune citron. 2, record 3, French, - soufre
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Le soufre était l’un des neuf corps simples connus de l’Antiquité [...]. C’est un solide sans odeur ni saveur, mauvais conducteur de la chaleur et de l’électricité [...] 2, record 3, French, - soufre
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS
Élément chimique de symbole S. 2, record 3, French, - soufre
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 OBS
soufre : terme retenu par Environnement Canada; utilisé dans la liste des polluants mesurés par le Réseau national de surveillance de la pollution atmosphérique (RNSPA). 3, record 3, French, - soufre
Record 3, Spanish
Record 3, Campo(s) temático(s)
- Química
- Geoquímica
- Compartimiento - Comisión Canadiense de Seguridad Nuclear
Entrada(s) universal(es) Record 3
Record 3, Main entry term, Spanish
- azufre
1, record 3, Spanish, azufre
correct, masculine noun
Record 3, Abbreviations, Spanish
Record 3, Synonyms, Spanish
Record 3, Textual support, Spanish
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS
Elemento no metálico. Insoluble en agua, ligeramente soluble en alcohol y éter, soluble en disulfuro de carbono, tetracloruro de carbono y benceno. Combustible. Poco tóxico. En forma finamente dividida. Es inflamable y explosivo. 2, record 3, Spanish, - azufre
Record 4 - internal organization data 2007-02-17
Record 4, English
Record 4, Subject field(s)
- Immunology
- Biotechnology
Record 4, Main entry term, English
- immunoadsorbent
1, record 4, English, immunoadsorbent
correct
Record 4, Abbreviations, English
Record 4, Synonyms, English
Record 4, Textual support, English
Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF
A preparation of antigen or antibody in an insoluble form used to bind homologous antibody or antigen, respectively, and remove it from a mixture of substances. 2, record 4, English, - immunoadsorbent
Record 4, French
Record 4, Domaine(s)
- Immunologie
- Biotechnologie
Record 4, Main entry term, French
- immunoadsorbant
1, record 4, French, immunoadsorbant
correct, masculine noun
Record 4, Abbreviations, French
Record 4, Synonyms, French
- immuno-adsorbant 2, record 4, French, immuno%2Dadsorbant
correct, masculine noun
Record 4, Textual support, French
Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Des antisérums peuvent être rendus spécifiques d’un déterminant antigénique par absorption. Les absorptions peuvent être réalisées par simple incubation avec des cellules, des bactéries ou des antigènes éventuellement insolubilisés par polymérisation en présence de glutaraldéhyde ou fixation sur un support solide(immuno-adsorbants). Immuno-adsorbant. L'antisérum est déposé sur une colonne contenant l'antigène sur lequel s’adsorbent spécifiquement les anticorps correspondants. Les anticorps peuvent être récupérés après l'élution de la colonne obtenue par abaissement du pH ou élévation de la molarité. 2, record 4, French, - immunoadsorbant
Record 4, Spanish
Record 4, Campo(s) temático(s)
- Inmunología
- Biotecnología
Record 4, Main entry term, Spanish
- inmunoadsorbente
1, record 4, Spanish, inmunoadsorbente
correct, masculine noun
Record 4, Abbreviations, Spanish
Record 4, Synonyms, Spanish
Record 4, Textual support, Spanish
Record 5 - internal organization data 2004-12-03
Record 5, English
Record 5, Subject field(s)
- Microbiology and Parasitology
- Biotechnology
Record 5, Main entry term, English
- synthetic peptide
1, record 5, English, synthetic%20peptide
correct
Record 5, Abbreviations, English
Record 5, Synonyms, English
Record 5, Textual support, English
Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Kinesin is a dimeric motor protein that can move for several micrometers along a microtubule without dissociating. The two kinesin motor domains are thought to move processively by operating in a hand-over-hand manner, although the mechanism of such cooperativity is unknown. Recently, a ~50-amino acid region adjacent to the globular motor domain (termed the neck) has been shown to be sufficient for conferring dimerization and processive movement. Based upon its amino acid sequence, the neck is proposed to dimerize through a coiled-coil interaction. To determine the accuracy of this prediction and to investigate the possible function of the neck region in motor activity, we have prepared a serie of synthetic peptides corresponding to different regions of the human kinesin neck and analyzed each peptide for its respective secondary content and stability. 2, record 5, English, - synthetic%20peptide
Record 5, French
Record 5, Domaine(s)
- Microbiologie et parasitologie
- Biotechnologie
Record 5, Main entry term, French
- peptide synthétique
1, record 5, French, peptide%20synth%C3%A9tique
correct, masculine noun
Record 5, Abbreviations, French
Record 5, Synonyms, French
Record 5, Textual support, French
Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT
De nombreux peptides amphiphiles existent dans la nature. Sous forme d’hélice, ils interagissent avec les bicouches lipidiques constituant les membranes cellulaires. En s’appuyant sur ce phénomène biologique, nous avons synthétisé en phase solide un peptide amphiphile contenant 26 acides aminés. C'est un peptide simple, constitué uniquement de deux acides aminés différents. Une chaîne formée de 20 résidus d’alanine constitue la partie hydrophobe et 6 résidus de lysine assurent l'hydrophilicité du peptide. Un tel peptide devrait avoir un comportement comparable aux peptides d’origine naturelle et être capable de s’insérer dans une bicouche lipidique. Nous étudions donc la conformation adoptée par ce peptide par différentes méthodes spectroscopiques telles que le dichroïsme circulaire et l'infra-rouge dans différentes conditions. Nous essayons ainsi de déterminer le pourcentage d’hélices présents dans ce peptide. Le comportement de ce peptide synthétique est comparé à ceux de la polylysine et de la polyalanine dans les mêmes conditions. 2, record 5, French, - peptide%20synth%C3%A9tique
Record 5, Spanish
Record 5, Campo(s) temático(s)
- Microbiología y parasitología
- Biotecnología
Record 5, Main entry term, Spanish
- péptido sintético
1, record 5, Spanish, p%C3%A9ptido%20sint%C3%A9tico
correct, masculine noun
Record 5, Abbreviations, Spanish
Record 5, Synonyms, Spanish
Record 5, Textual support, Spanish
Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF
Pequeño fragmento de proteína creado artificialmente. Puede usarse para estimular una respuesta inmunológica con el fin de crear inmunidad hacia esa proteína, que si es un fragmento de virus puede servir para crear una vacuna. 2, record 5, Spanish, - p%C3%A9ptido%20sint%C3%A9tico
Record 6 - internal organization data 2003-06-26
Record 6, English
Record 6, Subject field(s)
- Biological Sciences
- Biotechnology
Record 6, Main entry term, English
- solid-state synthesis
1, record 6, English, solid%2Dstate%20synthesis
correct
Record 6, Abbreviations, English
Record 6, Synonyms, English
- solid-phase synthesis 2, record 6, English, solid%2Dphase%20synthesis
correct
Record 6, Textual support, English
Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF
Technique used for the chemical synthesis of polypeptides or polynucleotides. The growing chain is linked to a solid support by one of its ends and elongation proceeds at the other. The excess reagents and byproducts of each cycle of the process are eliminated by washing. At the end of the process, the polymer is detached, purified and its sequence checked. 1, record 6, English, - solid%2Dstate%20synthesis
Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS
The technique forms the basis of automatic peptide and gene synthesizers. When used to form polynucleotides, artificial synthesis differs from that catalyzed by DNA polymerase since the latter requires a template. In the chemical synthesis, it is possible to introduce variations as required. 1, record 6, English, - solid%2Dstate%20synthesis
Record 6, French
Record 6, Domaine(s)
- Sciences biologiques
- Biotechnologie
Record 6, Main entry term, French
- synthèse en phase solide
1, record 6, French, synth%C3%A8se%20en%20phase%20solide
correct, feminine noun
Record 6, Abbreviations, French
Record 6, Synonyms, French
Record 6, Textual support, French
Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Des chercheurs du Medical Research Council(MRC) à Cambridge en Angleterre, ont mis au point une nouvelle méthode chimique de synthèse peptidique. [...] La résine n’ est plus un polystyrène mais un polyamide. Cette nouvelle méthode permet une synthèse en phase solide, dans laquelle les réactions chimiques sont douces, et surtout substantiellement optimisées. Ceci donne de hauts rendements et une manipulation plus simple des acides aminés, dont les chaînes latérales sont réactives. 1, record 6, French, - synth%C3%A8se%20en%20phase%20solide
Record 6, Spanish
Record 6, Campo(s) temático(s)
- Ciencias biológicas
- Biotecnología
Record 6, Main entry term, Spanish
- síntesis en fase sólida
1, record 6, Spanish, s%C3%ADntesis%20en%20fase%20s%C3%B3lida
correct, feminine noun
Record 6, Abbreviations, Spanish
Record 6, Synonyms, Spanish
Record 6, Textual support, Spanish
Record 7 - internal organization data 2002-08-07
Record 7, English
Record 7, Subject field(s)
- Geochemistry
- Geophysics
Record 7, Main entry term, English
- single solid
1, record 7, English, single%20solid
correct
Record 7, Abbreviations, English
Record 7, Synonyms, English
Record 7, Textual support, English
Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Modeling the behavior of single solids and their mixtures in a circulating fluidized bed. 1, record 7, English, - single%20solid
Record 7, French
Record 7, Domaine(s)
- Géochimie
- Géophysique
Record 7, Main entry term, French
- solide simple
1, record 7, French, solide%20simple
correct, masculine noun
Record 7, Abbreviations, French
Record 7, Synonyms, French
Record 7, Textual support, French
Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Les solides simples [...] sont essentiellement des oxydes simples [...] ou des sulfures [...] On les trouve sur la terre mais aussi dans les météorites et la Lune. 1, record 7, French, - solide%20simple
Record 7, Spanish
Record 7, Textual support, Spanish
Record 8 - internal organization data 2000-11-20
Record 8, English
Record 8, Subject field(s)
- Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics (Physics)
Record 8, Main entry term, English
- dilatant
1, record 8, English, dilatant
correct, noun
Record 8, Abbreviations, English
Record 8, Synonyms, English
Record 8, Textual support, English
Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF
Fluids that show an increase in viscosity as agitation is increased at a constant temperature. 2, record 8, English, - dilatant
Record 8, French
Record 8, Domaine(s)
- Mécanique des fluides et hydraulique (Physique)
Record 8, Main entry term, French
- fluide dilatant
1, record 8, French, fluide%20dilatant
correct, masculine noun
Record 8, Abbreviations, French
Record 8, Synonyms, French
Record 8, Textual support, French
Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT
En fait c'est simple : la fécule de pomme de terre est un fluide dilatant. Ça veut dire quoi au juste? La fécule de pomme de terre est composée de molécules qu'on appelle les polysaccharides(exemple de polysaccharide : l'amidon). Ces molécules ont une particularité : elles sont très longues. [...] quand on soumet le mélange à une contrainte [...] les molécules s’enchevêtrent, ce qui donne un aspect solide au mélange; mais dès que la contrainte cesse, les molécules se desenchevêtrent et le mélange reprend son aspect liquide. 2, record 8, French, - fluide%20dilatant
Record 8, Spanish
Record 8, Textual support, Spanish
Record 9 - internal organization data 1997-06-17
Record 9, English
Record 9, Subject field(s)
- Textile Industries
- Textile Weaving (Textile Industries)
- Industrial Techniques and Processes
Record 9, Main entry term, English
- plain weave
1, record 9, English, plain%20weave
correct
Record 9, Abbreviations, English
Record 9, Synonyms, English
Record 9, Textual support, English
Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF
The simplest of all weave interlacings in which the odd warps threads operate over one and under one weft thread throughout the fabric with the even warp threads reversing this order to under one, over one, throughout. 2, record 9, English, - plain%20weave
Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Surface finish ... there are two very popular surface finishes in demand, Plain Weave and Black Matte. Plain Weave is the common "checkerboard" finish that easily demonstrates the presence of graphite in the product ... Plain Weave fabrics that we use on our laminates very often have "tracers", or colored yams that allow manufacturers to verify that fiber position is correct in larger structures. 3, record 9, English, - plain%20weave
Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 CONT
Woven fabrics are mostly of simple construction such as the plain weave ... in simple construction there is only one set of warp yarns (the lengthwise yarn) and one set of weft yarns (the cross-wise yarn) making up the fabric, and all are equally responsible for the strength and appearance of the fabric. Patterns and effects are obtained by using various coloured yarns, different size yarns ... The simplest of weaves is the plain weave. Each weft yarn passes alternately over and under each wrap yarn. They are reversible, unless printed or finished, are of firm construction and wear well. 4, record 9, English, - plain%20weave
Record 9, French
Record 9, Domaine(s)
- Industries du textile
- Tissage (Industries du textile)
- Techniques industrielles
Record 9, Main entry term, French
- toile
1, record 9, French, toile
correct, feminine noun, standardized
Record 9, Abbreviations, French
Record 9, Synonyms, French
- uni 2, record 9, French, uni
correct, feminine noun
- armure uni 3, record 9, French, armure%20uni
correct, feminine noun
- armure toile 4, record 9, French, armure%20toile
correct, feminine noun
- armure unie 5, record 9, French, armure%20unie
correct, feminine noun
Record 9, Textual support, French
Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF
Armure caractérisée par la disposition inverse des fils pairs et impairs : chaque fil de chaîne passe alternativement au-dessus et au-dessous de chaque duite et réciproquement. 6, record 9, French, - toile
Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT
La toile ou uni. La toile est l'armure la plus ancienne, la plus simple et la plus employée. A qualité égale de fil, elle donne des tissus plus solide. Aspect : Les tissus tissage toile sont des tissus à grains dont les deux faces sont semblables, ils ne présentent ni endroit ni envers. 2, record 9, French, - toile
Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS
toile : Terme et définition normalisés par l’AFNOR. 7, record 9, French, - toile
Record 9, Spanish
Record 9, Textual support, Spanish
Record 10 - internal organization data 1994-12-08
Record 10, English
Record 10, Subject field(s)
- Sewing Techniques and Stitching
Record 10, Main entry term, English
- flat felled seam
1, record 10, English, flat%20felled%20seam
correct
Record 10, Abbreviations, English
Record 10, Synonyms, English
- felled seam 2, record 10, English, felled%20seam
Record 10, Textual support, English
Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT
that felled seam adds strength and decoration to sporty garments of non-bulky fabric such as denim, poplin, and broadcloth. 1, record 10, English, - flat%20felled%20seam
Record 10, French
Record 10, Domaine(s)
- Techniques d'exécution et points de couture
Record 10, Main entry term, French
- couture rabattue
1, record 10, French, couture%20rabattue
correct, feminine noun
Record 10, Abbreviations, French
Record 10, Synonyms, French
Record 10, Textual support, French
Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT
[...] elle est employée en lingerie, [...] chaque fois qu'on désire une couture plate et solide. [...] La--est composée de deux parties : une couture simple et un rabat. 2, record 10, French, - couture%20rabattue
Record 10, Spanish
Record 10, Textual support, Spanish
Record 11 - internal organization data 1993-01-08
Record 11, English
Record 11, Subject field(s)
- Immunology
Record 11, Main entry term, English
- agglutinine absorption 1, record 11, English, agglutinine%20absorption
Record 11, Abbreviations, English
Record 11, Synonyms, English
Record 11, Textual support, English
Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF
The removal of antibody from an immune serum by treatment with particulate antigen (usually bacteria) homologous to that antibody, followed by centrifugation and separation of the antigen-antibody complex. 1, record 11, English, - agglutinine%20absorption
Record 11, French
Record 11, Domaine(s)
- Immunologie
Record 11, Main entry term, French
- absorption
1, record 11, French, absorption
feminine noun
Record 11, Abbreviations, French
Record 11, Synonyms, French
Record 11, Textual support, French
Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Des antisérums peuvent être rendus spécifiques d’un déterminant antigénique par absorption. Les absorptions peuvent être réalisées par simple incubation avec des cellules, des bactéries ou des antigènes éventuellement insolubilisés par polymérisation en présence de glutaraldéhyde ou fixation sur un support solide(immuno-absorbants). 1, record 11, French, - absorption
Record 11, Spanish
Record 11, Textual support, Spanish
Record 12 - internal organization data 1975-03-11
Record 12, English
Record 12, Subject field(s)
- Light Metalworking Equipment
- Construction Site Equipment
Record 12, Main entry term, English
- ship auger 1, record 12, English, ship%20auger
Record 12, Abbreviations, English
Record 12, Synonyms, English
Record 12, Textual support, English
Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS
Made from special bit steel, heat treated. Solid center, single cutter, fully polished. For use in bridges, boat and dock building. 1, record 12, English, - ship%20auger
Record 12, French
Record 12, Domaine(s)
- Petit outillage (Travail des métaux)
- Matériel de chantier
Record 12, Main entry term, French
- mèche de bateau
1, record 12, French, m%C3%A8che%20de%20bateau
feminine noun
Record 12, Abbreviations, French
Record 12, Synonyms, French
Record 12, Textual support, French
Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS
Fabriquées d’acier spécial à mèches, trempées. À centre solide, couteau simple, entièrement polies. Employées pour la construction de ponts, bateaux, quais, etc. 1, record 12, French, - m%C3%A8che%20de%20bateau
Record 12, Spanish
Record 12, Textual support, Spanish
Copyright notice for the TERMIUM Plus® data bank
© Public Services and Procurement Canada, 2025
TERMIUM Plus®, the Government of Canada's terminology and linguistic data bank
A product of the Translation Bureau
Features
Language Portal of Canada

Access a collection of Canadian resources on all aspects of English and French, including quizzes.
Writing tools

The Language Portal’s writing tools have a new look! Easy to consult, they give you access to a wealth of information that will help you write better in English and French.
Glossaries and vocabularies

Access Translation Bureau glossaries and vocabularies.
- Date Modified: