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A disruption is an instability that may develop within the tokamak plasma. Disruptions lead to the degradation or loss of the magnetic confinement of the plasma and, because of the high amount of energy contained within the plasma, the loss of confinement during a disruption can cause a significant thermal loading of in-vessel components together with high mechanical strains on the in-vessel components, the vacuum vessel and the magnet coils.  2, record 1, English, - disruption

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

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Interruption brutale du courant généré par le plasma thermonucléaire d’un tokamak.  2, record 1, French, - disruption

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Une disruption est une instabilité qui peut se développer au sein du plasma. Les disruptions conduisent à une dégradation, voire à une perte, du confinement magnétique du plasma. Du fait de la grande quantité d’énergie que contient le plasma, la perte de confinement consécutive à une disruption peut soumettre les éléments internes de la chambre à vide à de fortes charges thermiques, ainsi qu'à de fortes contraintes mécaniques, ces dernières affectant également la chambre à vide elle-même et les bobines du tokamak.  3, record 1, French, - disruption

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disruption : désignation et définition publiées au Journal officiel de la République française le 2 septembre 2021.  4, record 1, French, - disruption

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Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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If the gas pressure of the plasma varies across the radius of the cylinder, a self-generated current will spontaneously arise within the plasma, due to collisions between trapped particles and passing particles. The latter current is called the bootstrap current, and is commonly found in tokamak fusion devices.  2, record 2, English, - bootstrap%20current

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

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Courant électrique produit par les gradients internes au plasma, principalement ceux de température et de densité.  1, record 2, French, - courant%20autog%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9

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Le courant autogénéré peut représenter une forte proportion du courant global qui circule dans le plasma d’un tokamak, ce qui facilite le fonctionnement en continu de ce tokamak.  1, record 2, French, - courant%20autog%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9

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courant autogénéré : terme et définition publiés au Journal officiel de la République française le 30 septembre 2017.  2, record 2, French, - courant%20autog%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9

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Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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The various approaches to fusion may be categorized by the methods used to produce, heat and confine the plasma. The two major approaches under investigation are magnetic and inertial confinement.  1, record 3, English, - confine

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Le «coeur» d’un [réacteur de fusion] Tokamak est un tore, entouré d’enroulements magnétiques et électriques pour créer un système complexe de champs destiné à chauffer le combustible et à confiner efficacement le plasma.  1, record 3, French, - confiner

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Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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Magnetic field which is parallel at every point in space to the major circumference of the torus configuration. [Definition standardized by ISO.]  3, record 4, English, - toroidal%20magnetic%20field

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The tokamak solution to the problem [of plasma confinement] is to set up a poloidal magnetic field around the minor cross section of the plasma torus by means of an electric current induced along the plasma column. In combination with an externally applied toroidal magnetic field this arrangement results in helical field lines, which form a set of nested magnetic surfaces.  2, record 4, English, - toroidal%20magnetic%20field

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toroidal magnetic field: term standardized by ISO.  4, record 4, English, - toroidal%20magnetic%20field

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Dans une configuration fermée à symétrie axiale, champ magnétique dont les lignes de force sont en tout point parallèles au plan de la circonférence principale du tore. [Définition normalisée par l’ISO.]  4, record 4, French, - champ%20magn%C3%A9tique%20principal%20axial

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Tokamak. Appareil conçu pour le confinement d’un plasma à l'intérieur d’une chambre torique en utilisant la combinaison de deux champs magnétiques : un champ magnétique principal axial, créé par des bobines entourant la chambre torique, et un champ magnétique secondaire transversal [...]  1, record 4, French, - champ%20magn%C3%A9tique%20principal%20axial

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champ magnétique toroïdal : terme normalisé par l’ISO.  5, record 4, French, - champ%20magn%C3%A9tique%20principal%20axial

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Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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Magnetic field in a toroidal plasma confinement system in which the field lines form a set of nested contours perpendicular to the major circumference of the torus.  3, record 5, English, - poloidal%20magnetic%20field

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In this scheme [the Tokamak fusion reactor], an electric current is induced along the plasma column, flowing the long way around the torus. The associated poloidal magnetic field (which has lines of force going around the minor cross section of the torus) gives rise to helical field lines, which form a set of nested magnetic surfaces.  2, record 5, English, - poloidal%20magnetic%20field

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"Poloidal magnetic field" has been standardized by ISO.  4, record 5, English, - poloidal%20magnetic%20field

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Dans un système à confinement toroïdal de plasma, champ magnétique dont les lignes de force forment un ensemble de contours emboîtés perpendiculaires à la circonférence principale du tore.  2, record 5, French, - champ%20magn%C3%A9tique%20secondaire%20transversal

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Tokamak. [... ] Appareil conçu pour le confinement d’un plasma à l'intérieur d’une chambre torique en utilisant la combinaison de deux champs magnétiques : un champ magnétique principal axial [...] et un champ magnétique secondaire transversal, créé par un courant électrique intense parcourant l'anneau de plasma.  1, record 5, French, - champ%20magn%C3%A9tique%20secondaire%20transversal

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"Champ magnétique poloïdal" et "champ magnétique méridien" ont été normalisés par l’ISO.  4, record 5, French, - champ%20magn%C3%A9tique%20secondaire%20transversal

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Record 6,  Textual support,  English

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Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) has been developing a continuous operation technique for nuclear fusion reactor using JT-60(JAERI Tokamak-60).  2, record 6, English, - JT%2D60

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JT-60U is an "upgrade" to JT-60 now in operation.  3, record 6, English, - JT%2D60

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A tokamak is a toroidal plasma confinement device invented in the 1950s by the Russians Tamm and Sakharov. The word "tokamak" is a contraction of the Russian words: "toroidalnaya", "kamera", and "magnitnaya", meaning "toroidal chamber-magnetic." The plasma is confined here not by the material walls (which wouldn't be compatible with a plasma which will be millions of degrees Celsius), but by magnetic fields. Physicists have been working since the 1950s on making better "magnetic bottles", a problem which has been compared to holding jello (the plasma) with rubber bands (the magnetic field). The magnetic fields in a tokamak are produced by a combination of currents flowing in external coils and currents flowing within the plasma itself. This contrasts to a similar concept, the stellarator, in which all of the confining magnetic fields are produced by external coils.  4, record 6, English, - JT%2D60

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C'est à Naka, à plusieurs centaines de kilomètres de Rokkasho-Mura que se trouve le réacteur à fusion japonais, le JT-60, l'un des plus gros Tokamak du monde en activité avec le JET européen.  2, record 6, French, - JT%2D60

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On en profite également pour améliorer les machines existantes. JT-60 devient « JT-60 Upgrade » au Japon.  3, record 6, French, - JT%2D60

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D'un réacteur tokamak.  1, record 7, French, - physique%20des%20plasmas%20de%20bord

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Renseignement communiqué par un traducteur à Énergie Atomique du Canada à Winnipeg.  1, record 7, French, - physique%20des%20plasmas%20de%20bord

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Of a tokamak discharge.  1, record 8, English, - scrape%2Doff%20layer%20physics

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Par le limiteur d’un tokamak.  2, record 8, French, - physique%20des%20plasmas%20de%20d%C3%A9charge%20intercept%C3%A9s

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Renseignement communiqué par un traducteur à Énergie Atomique du Canada à Winnipeg.  1, record 8, French, - physique%20des%20plasmas%20de%20d%C3%A9charge%20intercept%C3%A9s

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Tokamak ... is an acronym created from the Russian words, "TOroidalnaya KAmera ee MAgnitnaya Katushka," or "Toroidal Chamber and Magnetic Coil," and denotes a class of systems for the toroidal magnetic confinement of thermonuclear fusion plasmas. Originally designed by Andrei Sakharov (1921-1989) and developed in the USSR, the tokamak began setting performance records for magnetic confinement fusion systems in the late 1960s and remains the leading concept for magnetic confinement fusion today. The tokamak configuration is perhaps most easily visualized by considering a cylindrical vacuum tube (typically of D or O-shaped cross section) which has been bent around a symmetry axis into a torus.  1, record 9, English, - tokamak%20configuration

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Record 10,  Textual support,  English

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The Tokamak magnetic confinement machine is the most promising system for thermonuclear fusion (ITER).  1, record 10, English, - magnetic%20confinement%20machine

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magnetic containment: The containment of a plasma within a region of space by the forces of magnetic fields on the charged particles in the gas.  3, record 10, English, - magnetic%20confinement%20machine

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Des réactions de fusion thermonucléaire sont provoquées dans des machines à confinement magnétique(tokamak : TORE SUPRA, ITER) et à confinement inertiel(projet Laser Méga-Joule).  1, record 10, French, - machine%20%C3%A0%20confinement%20magn%C3%A9tique

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Record 11,  Textual support,  English

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The most common form of an inertial confinement machine, for example, uses a fuel that consists of equal parts of deuterium and tritium.  1, record 11, English, - inertial%20confinement%20machine

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Des réactions de fusion thermonucléaire sont provoquées dans des machines à confinement magnétique(tokamak : TORE SUPRA, ITER) et à confinement inertiel(projet Laser Méga-Joule).  1, record 11, French, - machine%20%C3%A0%20confinement%20inertiel

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Record 12,  Textual support,  English

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... the largest nuclear fusion experimental reactor yet built.  5, record 12, English, - Joint%20European%20Torus%20reactor

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Situated on an old Navy airfield near Culham, Oxfordshire, in the UK, construction was started in 1978 and the first experiments began in 1983. JET is equipped with remote handling facilities to cope with the radioactivity produced by Deuterium-Tritium (D-T) fuel, which is the fuel proposed for the first generation of fusion power plants. Pending construction of ITER, JET remains the only large fusion reactor with facilities dedicated to handling the radioactivity release from D-T fusion. The power production record breaking runs from JET and TFTR [Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor] used 50-50 D-T fuel mixes.  5, record 12, English, - Joint%20European%20Torus%20reactor

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

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Plus grand réacteur à fusion nucléaire existant.  4, record 12, French, - r%C3%A9acteur%20Joint%20European%20Torus

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Nous avons déjà testé l’utilisation de robots dans le réacteur expérimental Joint European Torus (JET).  5, record 12, French, - r%C3%A9acteur%20Joint%20European%20Torus

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Le réacteur JET a permis de réaliser des progrès considérables. Actuellement encore, JET figure parmi les réacteurs expérimentaux de fusion les plus performants.  6, record 12, French, - r%C3%A9acteur%20Joint%20European%20Torus

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Les trois plus grands tokamaks sont : le JET (Joint European Torus), réalisé à Culham, en Grande-Bretagne, par un effort commun des dix pays membres de l’Euratom, auxquels se sont jointes la Suisse et la Suède [...]  7, record 12, French, - r%C3%A9acteur%20Joint%20European%20Torus

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Le JET(acronyme de l'anglais Joint European Torus, littéralement Tore commun européen) est le plus grand tokamak existant [...] jusqu'à la construction d’ITER [International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor].  8, record 12, French, - r%C3%A9acteur%20Joint%20European%20Torus

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Record 13,  Textual support,  English

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A device for confining a plasma within a toroidal chamber, which produces plasma temperatures, densities, and confinement times greater than that of any other such device; confinement is effected by a very strong externally applied toroidal field, plus a weaker poloidal field produced by a toroidally directed plasma current, and this current causes ohmic heating of the plasma.  3, record 13, English, - tokamak

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tokamak: term standardized by ISO.  4, record 13, English, - tokamak

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Appareil conçu pour le confinement d’un plasma à l’intérieur d’une chambre torique en utilisant la combinaison de deux champs magnétiques : un champ magnétique toroïdal principal, créé par des bobines entourant la chambre torique, et un champ magnétique poloïdal secondaire, créé par un courant électrique intense parcourant l’anneau de plasma  3, record 13, French, - tokamak

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tokamak : terme et définition normalisés par l'ISO.  4, record 13, French, - tokamak

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Record 14,  Textual support,  English

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The INTOR study was started under the auspices of the IAEA, at the end of 1978, as a collective effort by Europe, Japan, the US and the Soviet Union, to define an international Next Step project.  2, record 14, English, - International%20Tokamak%20Reactor

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The IEAE convened the INTOR (International Tokamak Reactor) workshop to assess the existing database and the required research and development for construction of the most advanced tokamak in the early 1990s as an international project. Representatives from Euratom, Japan, USSR and USA took part in this study, supported by 100 specialists from these four participating groups.  3, record 14, English, - International%20Tokamak%20Reactor

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[La réflectométrie] a un potentiel certain pour être l'un des diagnostics d’ITER, le futur tokamak international.  1, record 14, French, - tokamak%20international

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Record 15,  Textual support,  English

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The study of highly ionized gases.  2, record 15, English, - plasma%20physics

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The first great divide affecting the basic properties of matter as the temperature rises occurs at about 10,000 degrees Kelvin. Below that, roughly speaking, is the usual domain of chemistry; above it is the realm of plasma physics.  3, record 15, English, - plasma%20physics

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[...] à l'aide du Tokamak PLT(Princeton Large Torus), tous les records de température viennent d’être battus puisque pour la première fois on est parvenu à chauffer le plasma jusqu'à 60 millions de degrés. [...] l'équipe de Melvin Gottlieb [de Princeton] a fait faire un pas très important à la physique des plasmas.  2, record 15, French, - physique%20des%20plasmas

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Record 16,  Textual support,  English

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Tokamak. A device for confining a plasma within a toroidal chamber, which produces plasma temperatures, densities and confinement times greater than that of any other such device; ....  1, record 16, English, - toroidal%20chamber

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This applies to an experimental thermonuclear fusion device.  4, record 16, English, - toroidal%20chamber

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Tokamak. Appareil conçu pour le confinement d’un plasma à l'intérieur d’une chambre torique en utilisant la combinaison de deux champs magnétiques :(...)  1, record 16, French, - chambre%20torique

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Ceci s’applique à un appareil expérimental de fusion thermonucléaire.  2, record 16, French, - chambre%20torique

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Record 18,  Textual support,  English

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A toroidal longitudinal pinch stabilized by an intense toroidal magnetic field, superimposed from outside, whose rotational transform is not generated externally as in the stellarator configuration, but by the pinch currents flowing in the plasma itself.  1, record 18, English, - tokamak%20configuration

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Record 19,  Textual support,  English

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There are two basic magnetic field configurations for confining plasmas [in thermonuclear fusion reactors]: - [the] open system [and the] closed system (...)  1, record 19, English, - configuration

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

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Il existe d’autres configurations de confinement [pour des réacteurs de fusion thermonucléaires] en cours d’étude, et dont il ne faudrait pas prématurément rejeter l'intérêt potentiel : configurations "fermées"(comme celle du Tokamak) mais en forme de 8(Stellarator de Princeton), ou configurations "ouvertes" terminées par des "miroirs magnétiques"(...)  1, record 19, French, - configuration

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Record 20,  Textual support,  English

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In this scheme [the Tokamak approach to fusion reactors], an electric current is induced along the plasma column, flowing the long way around the torus. The associated poloidal magnetic field (which has lines of force going around the minor cross section of the torus) gives rise to helical field lines, which form a set of nested magnetic surfaces.  1, record 20, English, - poloidal

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

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La configuration Tokamak [...] permet de confiner un anneau de plasma parcouru par un courant électrique très intense [...]. Ce courant chauffe le plasma [...] et il sert également à créer l'une des composantes(la composante poloïdale [...] du champ de confinement.  1, record 20, French, - polo%C3%AFdal

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Record 21,  Textual support,  English

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The tokamak solution to the problem [of leaks from the plasma] is to set up a poloidal magnetic field around the minor cross section of the plasma torus by means of an electric current along the plasma column.  1, record 21, English, - plasma%20torus

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This applies to magnetic confinement fusion reactors.  2, record 21, English, - plasma%20torus

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La configuration [du réacteur de fusion thermonucléaire] Tokamak(...) permet de confiner un anneau de plasma parcouru par un courant électrique très intense(...)  1, record 21, French, - anneau%20de%20plasma

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