TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

One significant knowledge gap necessary for assessing ecosystem-wide impacts of restoration in ... estuaries is a characterization of baseline lower trophic levels. These lower tropic levels are the lowest part of the food web where organisms such as plant-like phytoplankton serve as food to animals such as zooplankton in the water column. Other organisms of lower trophic levels include plant-like microphytobenthos and marine worms living within the sediments. These organisms form an important part of the estuary ecosystem [and] provide energy at the base of the food chain [that] support the growth of larger predators at the top[,] such as speckled trout or red fish[. These] organisms also help to break down debris, put oxygen back into sediments, and can provide a biological window into the health of an estuary.  1, record 1, English, - lower%20trophic%20level

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The importance of oceans and the life within them is often understated. Oceans make up 71% of the Earth's surface, and produce 50-80% of the oxygen in the atmosphere ... A majority of this oxygen is produced by microscopic free-floating plants, also known as phytoplankton, which account for the majority of bottom trophic level production in most marine ecosystems. A large number of marine food webs are under "bottom-up" control, in which the quantity of primary production controls the abundance of individuals within trophic levels and their biomass. The Arctic marine ecosystem is thought to be under bottom-up control, where primary production is largely limited by advective nutrient supply from adjacent oceans ...  2, record 2, English, - lower%20trophic%20level%20production

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The trophic niche ... identifies the consumer's position in a local food web. Several factors, such as ontogeny, competitive ability and resource availability contribute in shaping species trophic niches.  2, record 3, English, - trophic%20niche

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La niche trophique d'un taxon ou d'un ensemble de taxons reflète la diversité des sources de matière organique exploitées ainsi que la diversité des niveaux trophiques occupés. Elle résulte de la complexité des relations alimentaires entre les membres du réseau et correspond à une approche par connectance (réseau trophique basé sur les relations alimentaires).  2, record 3, French, - niche%20trophique

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... a classification system designed to rate water bodies on the amount of biological productivity they sustain.  2, record 4, English, - trophic%20state%20index

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[The] trophic state index [was developed] using three variables (i.e., chlorophyll [...], nitrogen, and phosphorus); however, depending on which variable is used to calculate the trophic state index and categories, the resulting index and categories can be different.  3, record 4, English, - trophic%20state%20index

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] système de classification conçu pour évaluer les masses d'eau en fonction de la quantité d'activité biologique qu'elles entretiennent.  2, record 4, French, - indice%20d%26rsquo%3B%C3%A9tat%20trophique

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Food webs and energy fluxes associated with trophic migration of fishes were particularly important in non-estuarine mangrove forests because of hydrologic conditions (salinity and turbidity) which were more suitable to the invasion of numerous marine foraging species (carangids, lutjanids, sphyraenids).  1, record 5, English, - trophic%20migration

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les flux sortants dus aux migrations trophiques des poissons lagunaires semblent être supérieurs dans les mangroves de bordure côtière où les conditions hydrologiques sont plus favorables à certaines espèces (Carangidae, Lutjanidae, Sphyraenidae).  2, record 5, French, - migration%20trophique

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The pattern of movement of energy through organisms in communities defines trophic structure.  2, record 6, English, - trophic%20structure

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Trophic structure, the partitioning of biomass between different trophic levels, is affected by both bottom-up (energy and nutrient inputs into primary producers) and top-down (predator consumption suppresses lower trophic levels) factors.  3, record 6, English, - trophic%20structure

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le transfert d'énergie entre les organismes des communautés détermine la structure trophique.  1, record 6, French, - structure%20trophique

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... the focus of concern in this assessment was on the long-term viability of certain species populations. Consequently, a knowledge of a species' response to contact with oil would be required to determine direct impacts and some understanding of a species' trophic dependencies would help in tracing second-order impacts.  1, record 8, English, - trophic%20dependency

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A description of phytoplankton and zooplankton distribution provides important information on the organisms forming the base of the marine food web.  3, record 9, English, - marine%20food%20web

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Une description de la répartition du phytoplancton et du zooplancton fournit des données importantes sur les organismes qui constituent la base du réseau trophique marin.  3, record 9, French, - r%C3%A9seau%20trophique%20marin

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 PHR

base de la red alimentaria marina  3, record 9, Spanish, - red%20alimentaria%20marina

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The aquatic food web is a conceptual way to look at who is eating who and what in a lake [or any body of water].  2, record 10, English, - aquatic%20food%20web

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

While the aquatic food web only has one most flexible eater, a food web may have several most flexible eaters that all eat the same number of organisms.  3, record 10, English, - aquatic%20food%20web

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Concept qui sert à analyser quelles créatures mangent les autres dans les milieux aquatiques.  2, record 10, French, - r%C3%A9seau%20trophique%20aquatique

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les phoques annelés constituent une espèce clé dans les écosystèmes marins de l'Arctique couverts de glace, car ils relient le réseau trophique aquatique aux prédateurs de niveau trophique supérieur.  1, record 10, French, - r%C3%A9seau%20trophique%20aquatique

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... an ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators and involving reciprocal changes in the relative populations of predator and prey through a food chain, which often results in dramatic changes in ecosystem structure and nutrient cycling.  2, record 11, English, - trophic%20cascade

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En écologie, les cascades trophiques découlent d'interactions prédateur-proie qui affectent l'abondance, la biomasse ou la productivité de plus d'un niveau au sein d'un réseau trophique.  1, record 11, French, - cascade%20trophique

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Las cascadas tróficas constituyen un fenómeno especial de las redes tróficas. Se trata de cómo los cambios de abundancia de grandes depredadores, ubicados en las cumbres de las pirámides tróficas, afectan la abundancia de las especies que se encuentran en la base de las pirámides.  1, record 11, Spanish, - cascada%20tr%C3%B3fica

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Although prey misidentification and accidental ingestion of plastic debris [are] common, organisms can also be exposed to microplastics through the ingestion of microplastic‐contaminated prey, a phenomenon known as trophic transfer …  2, record 12, English, - trophic%20transfer

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Many of our conventional agricultural practices such as tillage and the application of inorganic fertilizers and biocides are harmful to soil because they are antagonistic to the soil food web biology present in healthy soil.  1, record 13, English, - soil%20food%20web%20biology

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Bon nombre de nos pratiques agricoles conventionnelles, comme le travail du sol et l'épandage d'engrais inorganiques et de biocides sont nocifs pour les sols, car ils sont des antagonistes de la biologie du réseau trophique du sol présente dans un sol sain [...]  1, record 13, French, - biologie%20du%20r%C3%A9seau%20trophique%20du%20sol

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[An] example of the effect of apex predators on an ecosystem is the dramatic changes in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem recorded after the gray wolf was reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in 1995. Elk, the wolves' primary prey, became less abundant and changed their behavior, freeing riparian zones from constant grazing and allowing willows, aspens and cottonwoods to flourish, creating habitats for beaver, moose and scores of other species.  2, record 14, English, - top%20predator

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un superprédateur [...] est un prédateur qui, une fois à l'âge adulte, se trouve au sommet de la chaîne alimentaire et n'est alors la proie d'aucune autre espèce animale [...] Les superprédateurs existent chez les poissons, les oiseaux et les mammifères (terrestres ou marins).  3, record 14, French, - pr%C3%A9dateur%20de%20niveau%20trophique%20sup%C3%A9rieur

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lake Champlain’s planktonic microbial foodweb (the part of the foodweb involving bacteria, protozoa and zooplankton) is very active during the summer ... A substantial amount of the energy and nutrients reaching zooplankton and subsequently fish passes through this foodchain.  2, record 15, English, - planktonic%20microbial%20food%20web

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An intractable ulcer found in areas of skin when the sensory innervation is defective, e.g. in syringomyelia, or due to failure of supply of nutrients to a part.  2, record 16, English, - trophic%20ulcer

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ulcération secondaire à un trouble trophique (c'est-à-dire, liée à l'alimentation des tissus).  2, record 16, French, - ulc%C3%A9ration%20trophique

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A sequence of organisms in a community each of which uses the next usually lower member of the sequence as a food source, plants being the ultimate basis of the sequence.  3, record 17, English, - food%20chain

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

At the base of the cave's food chain are bacteria that can synthesize organic molecules ... The bacteria grow along with fungi into white mats ... All other life within the cave depends on the microbial mats.  4, record 17, English, - food%20chain

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Séquence représentative d'une série d'espèces vivantes, dans laquelle les organismes cités en premier lieu sont mangés par ceux qui les suivent, qui seront à leur tour mangés par les suivants.  3, record 17, French, - cha%C3%AEne%20alimentaire

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 2 DEF

Ensemble d'organismes qui se succèdent dans l'ordre de leur consommation à partir des types photosynthétiques et chimiosynthétiques.  4, record 17, French, - cha%C3%AEne%20alimentaire

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Secuencia de seres vivos que producen, consumen y descomponen las sustancias alimenticias, realizándose el flujo de material y energía a través de la comunidad.  5, record 17, Spanish, - cadena%20alimentaria

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A pyramid-shaped diagram representing quantitatively the numbers of organisms, energy relationships, and biomass of an ecosystem; numbers are high for the lowest trophic levels (plants) and low for the highest trophic level (carnivores).  3, record 18, English, - ecological%20pyramid

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A typical ecological community in fresh water habitat might be considered a pyramid, with the more complex forms of life at the top trophic level and the nutritional sources at the bottom.  4, record 18, English, - ecological%20pyramid

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Représentation graphique, sous forme de bandes horizontales, qui exprime numériquement les relations entre les divers constituants d'une chaîne trophique du point de vue des effectifs (pyramides des nombres), de la biomasse (pyramide des biomasses) ou du rendement énergétique (pyramide des énergies).  3, record 18, French, - pyramide%20%C3%A9cologique

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Representación gráfica de las relaciones cuantitativas del número de organismos, biomasa o flujo energético entre los niveles tróficos de una cadena alimenticia.  2, record 18, Spanish, - pir%C3%A1mide%20ecol%C3%B3gica

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The complex set of energy and matter transformations in an ecosystem involving a number of food chains.  5, record 20, English, - food%20web

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Often confused with "food chain".  6, record 20, English, - food%20web

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 2 OBS

food web: term used by Parks Canada.  7, record 20, English, - food%20web

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ensemble des relations trophiques et des chaînes alimentaires interconnectées qui existent dans un groupe multispécifique d'êtres vivants.  3, record 20, French, - r%C3%A9seau%20trophique

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les conclusions de ces recherches sont que les chaînes alimentaires apparaissent rarement comme linéaires, qu'elles présentent au contraire des bifurcations et s'engrènent entre elles, formant un véritable réseau trophique car chaque prédateur consomme plusieurs types de proies alors que chaque proie a plusieurs prédateurs.  4, record 20, French, - r%C3%A9seau%20trophique

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Souvent confondu avec «chaîne alimentaire».  5, record 20, French, - r%C3%A9seau%20trophique

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 2 OBS

réseau trophique : terme en usage à Parcs Canada.  6, record 20, French, - r%C3%A9seau%20trophique

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Conjunto de relaciones nutritivas de estructura reticular, que expresa las relaciones tróficas entre las diferentes especies de un ecosistema.  4, record 20, Spanish, - red%20alimentaria

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Any of the feeding levels through which the passage of energy through an ecosystem proceeds; examples are photosynthetic plants, herbivorous animals, a microorganisms of decay.  2, record 21, English, - trophic%20level

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The concentration [of PCBs] in living organisms depends upon the extent of local pollution, the amount of fat in the tissues, and the trophic stage of the organism in food chains.  3, record 21, English, - trophic%20level

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] dans un écosystème donné, [les niveaux trophiques sont] les différentes étapes de la chaîne alimentaire, au bas de laquelle se trouvent les organismes autotrophes qui constituent les «producteurs primaires» (les végétaux verts par photosynthèse, les bactéries autotrophes par chimiosynthèse). Les niveaux successifs de la chaîne alimentaire prédatrice sont constitués par les herbivores ou phytophages (consommateurs primaires), les carnivores ou zoophages (consommateurs secondaires et tertiaires).  2, record 21, French, - niveau%20trophique

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Etapa de los procesos de la materia y de la energía en una cadena alimentaria.  2, record 21, Spanish, - nivel%20tr%C3%B3fico

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Method of water supply of a peatland.  1, record 23, English, - trophic%20regime

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Mode d'alimentation en eau d'une tourbière.  1, record 23, French, - r%C3%A9gime%20trophique

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Preference of mosquito for a particular type of host, e.g., human or animal ....  1, record 24, English, - host%20preference

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... to be distinguished from mere readiness to feed on a particular type of host when no other is available.  1, record 24, English, - host%20preference

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Préférence alimentaire manifestée par le moustique pour un type d'hôte déterminé, par exemple l'homme ou un animal.  1, record 24, French, - pr%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence%20trophique

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Cette préférence doit être distinguée de la simple acceptation d'un type particulier d'hôte quand aucun autre n'est à la portée du moustique.  1, record 24, French, - pr%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence%20trophique

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Regular variations in the amount of blood-feeding activity exhibited by populations of mosquito species during each 24-hour day-and-night period.  1, record 25, English, - biting%20cycle

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Distribution horaire (ou autre), au cours d'une période de 24 heures, des manifestations d'activité trophique (piqûres) d'une population de moustiques d'une espèce donnée.  1, record 25, French, - cycle%20d%26rsquo%3Bagressivit%C3%A9

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Figure indicating the proportion of freshly fed anopheles giving a positive precipitin reaction for any specified host in the particular conditions in which capture has been made.  1, record 27, English, - host%20preference%20index

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Proportion, par espèce d'anophèles, des femelles fraîchement gorgées qui donnent une réaction de précipitines positive pour le sang d'un hôte d'une espèce déterminée, dans les conditions particulières de la capture.  1, record 27, French, - indice%20de%20pr%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence%20trophique

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Of or pertaining to nutrition; concerned in nutritive processes.  2, record 28, English, - nutritional

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Relatif à la nutrition des organes, des tissus.  3, record 28, French, - nutritionnel

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Par exemple, les rapports trophiques sont généralement plus complexes.  1, record 28, French, - nutritionnel

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 OBS

of an insect.  1, record 30, English, - feeding%20activity

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 OBS

d'un insecte.  1, record 30, French, - activit%C3%A9%20trophique

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Zone où les espèces trouvent une nourriture abondante favorable à la croissance des individus  1, record 31, French, - aire%20de%20nutrition

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Lorsqu'il s'agit de jeunes, on parle de nourricerie  1, record 31, French, - aire%20de%20nutrition

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Chaîne trophique ou chaîne alimentaire : suite d'êtres vivants dans laquelle les uns mangent ceux qui les précèdent dans la chaîne avant d'être mangés par ceux qui les suivent (d'après DAJEC, 1982, p.298).  1, record 32, French, - cha%C3%AEne%20trophique%20en%20milieu%20aquatique

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The herring, which feeds on plankton, has been suggested as an indicator ... and, at higher trophic stages, the pike, which is a stationary fish ... and seabirds ....  1, record 33, English, - higher%20trophic%20stage

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 OBS

"trophic lever" is much more frequently used in the descriptions of food chains than "trophic stage".  2, record 33, English, - higher%20trophic%20stage

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les déséquilibres du fonctionnement des écosystèmes ont souvent pour cause une altération des chaînes alimentaires [...] [et notamment une] atteinte brusque du niveau des consommateurs primaires déterminant une régression des niveaux trophiques supérieurs.  1, record 33, French, - niveau%20trophique%20sup%C3%A9rieur

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 OBS

trophic level: Step in a nutritive series, or food chain, of an ecosystem.  3, record 34, English, - top%20trophic%20level

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 2 OBS

highest trophic level: by analogy with "lowest (trophic) level".  2, record 34, English, - top%20trophic%20level

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Alfred M. Beeton has summarized the literature pertaining to the trophic status of the Great Lakes ... and indicated that ... Lake Erie has undergone the most noticeable changes due to eutrophication.  1, record 35, English, - trophic%20status

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En ce qui concerne la relation entre l'eutrophisation et le développement du plancton, [...] c'est essentiellement l'examen de la nature et de la variété des espèces dénombrées qui pourra donner une indication sur l'état trophique du plan d'eau.  1, record 35, French, - %C3%A9tat%20trophique

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 OBS

L'expression «niveau trophique» a été relevée dans le titre d'un texte où sont décrits trois types de lacs (oligotrophes, mésotrophes, eutrophes) selon leur degré d'eutrophisation. Cependant, nous n'en recommandons pas l'emploi dans ce sens car le plus souvent on l'utilise pour désigner les maillons d'une chaîne alimentaire.  3, record 35, French, - %C3%A9tat%20trophique

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish