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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

At a long time scale, organisms can adapt to slow environmental changes, by storing information in the genetic material(DNA [deoxyribonucleic acid] and RNA [ribonucleic acid] molecules) that is carried over from generation to generation. This is referred to as phylogenetic learning.  2, record 1, English, - phylogenetic%20learning

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A new lineage is designated when there is support for a clade of viruses being epidemiologically distinct from their parental viruses. A lineage needs to be a clade within the phylogenetic tree that has one or more defining evolutionary events. The lineage also needs to exhibit evidence of onward transmission...  4, record 2, English, - virus%20lineage

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ichthyophonus hoferi is a single-celled protist that occupies a key phylogenetic position to understand the origin of animals. It has a chitin cell wall, hyphae, and an amoeboid stage. It is a common parasite of marine and freshwater fishes.  2, record 3, English, - Ichthyophonus%20hoferi

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ichthyophonus hoferi: There is no common name for this species of bacteria.  3, record 3, English, - Ichthyophonus%20hoferi

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ichthyophonus hoferi est une espèce d'organismes unicellulaires qui joue un rôle-clé dans la phylogénèse liée à l'origine des animaux. Elle comporte une membrane en chitine, un hyphe et une phase amibe. Ce parasite est souvent présent chez les poissons d'eau de mer et d'eau douce.  2, record 3, French, - Ichthyophonus%20hoferi

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ichthyophonus hoferi : Il n'y a pas de nom vernaculaire pour cette espèce de bactéries.  3, record 3, French, - Ichthyophonus%20hoferi

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The dominant view of the evolution of life is that all existing organisms are derived from some common ancestor and that a new species arises by a splitting of one population into two or more populations that do not crossbreed, rather than by mixing of two populations into one. Therefore, the high level history of life is ideally organized and displayed as a rooted, directed tree. Study of the life with an evolutionary perspective is of utmost importance. Phylogenetic analysis is the study of these evolutionary relationships.  1, record 4, English, - phylogenetic%20analysis

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le paradigme de la biologie moderne, la théorie de l'évolution, nous impose de retracer l'histoire de l'évolution, autrement dit la phylogénie. En tant que construction historique, la phylogénie - représentée sous la forme d'un arbre - demeure une hypothèse. Par voie de conséquence, il est indispensable d'être explicite à propos des prémisses sur lesquelles reposent les différentes méthodes phylogénétiques en usage. En principe, l'analyse phylogénétique s'appuie sur les caractères intrinsèques aux organismes : caractères morpho-anatomiques, moléculaires, voire éthologiques.  2, record 4, French, - analyse%20phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

En utilisant une technologie basée sur l'ADN et une analyse phylogénétique, le degré de différenciation génétique entre les populations géographiquement isolées a pu être déterminé.  3, record 4, French, - analyse%20phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

analyse phylogénétique : terme extrait du «Glossaire de l’agriculture» et reproduit avec l’autorisation de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques.  4, record 4, French, - analyse%20phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In agreement with the assumed common phylogenetic origin of the two protein transport mechanisms, GFOR [glucose-fructose oxidoreductase] can be efficiently translocated by the Delta pH-dependent pathway when analyzed with isolated thylakoid membranes.  2, record 5, English, - common%20phylogenetic%20origin

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Bien que ce prochlorophyte partage une origine phylogénétique commune avec les cyanobactéries, la structure des complexes pigment-protéines («antennes») qui collectent l'énergie et la transfèrent au centre réactionnel, diffèrent radicalement entre ces deux procaryotes.  2, record 5, French, - origine%20phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique%20commune

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

origine phylogénétique commune : terme extrait du «Glossaire de l’agriculture» et reproduit avec l’autorisation de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques.  3, record 5, French, - origine%20phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique%20commune

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Two decades of culture-independent studies have confirmed that microbial communities represent the most complex and concentrated pool of phylogenetic diversity on the planet. There remains a need for innovative molecular tools that can further our knowledge of microbial diversity and its functional implications. We present the method and application of serial analysis of ribosomal sequence tags(SARST) as a novel tool for elucidating complex microbial communities, such as those found in soils and sediments. Serial analysis of ribosomal sequence tags uses a series of enzymatic reactions to amplify and ligate ribosomal sequence tags(RSTs) from bacterial small subunit rRNA gene(SSU rDNA) V1-regions into concatemers that are cloned and sequenced.  2, record 6, English, - serial%20analysis%20of%20ribosomal%20sequence%20tags

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les techniques faisant partie du séquençage à haut débit comprennent l'analyse sériée d'étiquettes de séquences ribosomiques (SARST) et les plateformes de séquençage de la prochaine génération comme le pyroséquençage 454, l'Illumina et le séquençage par ligation (SOLiD). Ces méthodes génèrent des milliers de séquences, permettant une grosse couverture de la diversité bactérienne.  3, record 6, French, - analyse%20s%C3%A9ri%C3%A9e%20d%27%C3%A9tiquettes%20de%20s%C3%A9quences%20ribosomiques

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A primary division of smooth-skinned amphibians comprising the existing orders. A phylogenetic tree of the animal kingdom.  1, record 7, English, - lissamphibia

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The identified molecular markers, in addition to enabling the development of a stable and reliable phylogenetic framework for this phylum, also provide novel and powerful means for the identification of different groups of Actinobacteria in diverse environments.  2, record 8, English, - phylogenetic%20framework

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les recherches portent principalement sur l’étude de la biologie florale (développement de la fleur, pollinisation) et de l’architecture de l’appareil végétatif dans une perspective évolutive. Les données morphologiques et ontogéniques sont analysées dans un cadre phylogénétique.  1, record 8, French, - cadre%20phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Elaboration of a DNA [deoxyribonucleic acid] probe for the recovery of a Coelomycete isolate using ITS DNA patterns.  1, record 9, English, - internal%20transcribed%20spacer

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Phylogenetic inferences in Antennaria(Asteraceae) based on sequences from the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers(ITS).  2, record 9, English, - internal%20transcribed%20spacer

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Región no codificante que separa los componentes individuales de las unidades de ADN ribosómico.  1, record 9, Spanish, - espaciador%20transcrito%20interno

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

ITS por sus siglas en inglés.  2, record 9, Spanish, - espaciador%20transcrito%20interno

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A small structure on certain plants, particularly on the leaves, located in the axils of the primary veins, which forms a shelter for organisms such as insects or fungi.  2, record 10, English, - domatium

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Phylogenetic analysis of representative groups of ants in the subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae indicates that specialized relationships with domatia-bearing plants have evolved independently at least 12 times within the subfamily... In most instances the plant provides some kind of intrinsically hollow, or easily excavated, cavity(domatium) in which the ants keep brood and scale insects(Coccoidea). The ants, in turn, protect the host plant from herbivores and(sometimes) from other competing plants.  3, record 10, English, - domatium

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La coévolution plantes-fourmis. Contre une protection, les plantes fournissent le gîte (domaties : épines, tiges, limbes présentant des cavités) et/ou le couvert (nectar extrafloral; corps nourriciers).  2, record 10, French, - domatie

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Any of various eared seals that have a double coat with a dense soft underfur highly valued for clothing and trimmings and that are now nearly extinct except at a few protected breeding places.  2, record 11, English, - fur%20seal

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Fur seals are any of nine species of pinnipeds in the Otariidae family. One species, the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) inhabits the North Pacific, while seven species in the Arctocephalus genus are found primarily in the Southern hemisphere. They are much more closely related to sea lions than true seals, and share with them external ears (pinnae), relatively long and muscular foreflippers, and the ability to walk on all fours. They are marked by their dense underfur, which made them a long-time object of commercial hunting.  3, record 11, English, - fur%20seal

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 CONT

We have examined phylogenetic and geographic patterns of variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of Southern Hemisphere fur seals(Arctocephalus spp.). Our survey of 106 individuals from four putative species reveals three distinct patterns of variation reflecting ancient, recent historic, and contemporary gene flow. For the combined samples of Subantarctic(Arctocephalus tropicalis) and Antarctic(Arctocephalus gazella) fur seals, we find low levels of sequence diversity and reciprocal paraphyly of hapiotypes(where representative haplotypes of a species are found to occur infrequently in another species and vice versa).  4, record 11, English, - fur%20seal

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On distingue les «lions de mer» des «otaries à fourrure». Les premiers peuplent l'océan Pacifique et l'hémisphère Sud [...]. Les otaries à fourrure vivent toutes dans les mers australes, sauf l'espèce des îles Pribilof [...]  3, record 11, French, - otarie%20%C3%A0%20fourrure

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 CONT

otarie : Terme regroupant toutes les espèces de mammifères amphibies constituant la famille des otariidés, au sein de l'ordre des pinnipèdes (carnivores fréquentant le milieu marin). Les otaries sont assez proches des phoques; elles s'en distinguent essentiellement par le fait qu'elles ont des oreilles externes (c'est-à-dire pourvues d'un pavillon) et qu'elles se déplacent à terre sur leurs quatre membres. […] Les otaries à crinière, ou lions de mer, doivent leur nom à la majestueuse crinière des mâles; leur fourrure ne contient pas de poils de bourre et n'a donc aucune valeur commerciale. […] Les otaries sans crinière sont parfois appelées ours de mer, ou otarie à fourrure. Cette dernière est, en effet, très recherchée, car ces espèces ont un épais duvet laineux, présent sous des poils plus longs et plus gros. Les otaries à fourrure du genre Arctocephalus vivent dans l'hémisphère Sud (Antarctique, côtes d'Amérique du Sud, Kerguelen...). L'otarie du Nord à fourrure (Callorhinus ursinus), qui mesure 1,50 m à 2 m de long pour un poids de 200 à 250 kg, est la seule otarie à fourrure vivant dans l'hémisphère Nord (dans le Pacifique Nord). Elle a eu beaucoup à souffrir des chasseurs.  4, record 11, French, - otarie%20%C3%A0%20fourrure

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... in the first tier, we identified antibodies that reacted exclusively with organism within a single phylogenetic group; in the second tier, we selected a subset of these antibodies for their ability to individually identify as many members of the desired phylogenetic grouping as possible.  1, record 12, English, - subset

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les équivalents français sont tirés de la base de données Pascal.  1, record 12, French, - sous%2Densemble

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The adjective of "phylogeny".  3, record 13, English, - phylogenetic

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Phylogeny: the evolution of a race or genetically related group of organisms (as a species family, or order) as distinguished from the development of the individual organism ...  4, record 13, English, - phylogenetic

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 3 OBS

e. g. phylogenetic origins of antibody structures  5, record 13, English, - phylogenetic

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Relatif à la phylogenèse.  2, record 13, French, - phylog%C3%A9nique

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Phylogenèse: Formation et enchaînement des lignées animales ou végétales.  3, record 13, French, - phylog%C3%A9nique

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Biologists usually classify birds, other animals, and plants on the basis of phylogenetic criteria, that is, criteria that can distinguish between and group the most closely related and the most genetically similar forms.  1, record 14, English, - phylogenetic%20criteria

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En général, les biologistes classifient plutôt les oiseaux, les autres animaux et les végétaux, en fonction de critères phylogénétiques, c'est-à-dire de critères qui permettent de distinguer et de regrouper les formes les plus apparentées, les plus proches sur le plan génétique.  1, record 14, French, - crit%C3%A8re%20phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

My research interests may broadly be defined as encompassing both "pattern" and "process" aspects of plant evolutions. The former includes phylogenetic analyses of both organisms and molecules, while the latter involves efforts to develop increased understanding of interspecific introgression and speciation mechanisms, especially polyploidy. A large part of my effort involves the genus Gossypium(cotton), which provides model systems for approaching several objectives. Polyploid speciation is a conspicuous and important process of plant evolution, yet we know relatively little about genetic and genomic processes that accompany polyploidization.  1, record 15, English, - polyploidization

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Chez les plantes, les polyploidisations entraînent presque toujours une spéciation instantanée, et ceci même en cas de sympatrie. L'isolement reproductif survient par un seul évènement mutationnel propagée par une période d'autofécondation.  2, record 15, French, - polyplo%C3%AFdisation

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The taxonomic approach to measuring the status of biodiversity is basically a phyletic one, since it can compare changes in diversity of taxa at various phylogenetic levels over time, assuming that the number of taxa in the many groups we have in Canada is actually known.  1, record 16, English, - phyletic%20approach

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La démarche qui consiste à mesurer l'aspect taxinomique de la biodiversité a un caractère essentiellement phylogénétique..  1, record 16, French, - d%C3%A9marche%20phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

the law that organs reduced in the course of phylogenetic development cannot be acquired anew.  1, record 17, English, - law%20of%20irreversibility%20in%20evolution

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

phylogenetic : concerned with development of species.  2, record 18, English, - phylogenetic%20history

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

(...) évolution progressive d'une espèce suivant laquelle la survie d'individus possédant certaines particularités génétiques produit une sélection de modèles génétiques.  1, record 18, French, - histoire%20phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish